<p>Ekornavallen is an ancient burial ground in the Falköping Municipality in Sweden. It contains a variety of ancient monuments dating from the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The Ekornavallen burial ground is located 15 km (9 miles) north of the city of Falköping. It contains four passage graves and a gallery grave from the Neolithic period, as well as cairns, stone circles, twelve standing stones, eight round stone settings and one triangular stone setting all dating from the Bronze and Iron Ages.</p><br>
<h2>Girommen passage grave</h2><br>
<p>The largest, and best known, of the Neolithic passage graves at Ekornavallen is one called the "Girommen" which according to early writers means the giant oven. It consists of sandstone slabs, but the mound which once covered the grave is entirely gone. Between the lower passage and the chamber proper lies a very large and thick slab, the "Key stone", resting on the passage stones. The grave was restored in the 1940s when a fragment of a chisel, some amber slivers and some ornate potsherds were found.</p><br>
<h2>Other structures</h2><br>
<p>Among the other structures at Ekornavallen is a probable stone cist. During its restoration a flint knife was found in the surface layer. The cairns at Ekornavallen probably date to the Bronze Age. The largest cairn has a diameter of more than 20 metres, is 2 metres high, and is surrounded by large kerb stones. The individual standing stones ("bautastones"), mark the Iron Age graves at Ekornavallen, and they are placed in an almost straight line from the north to south. The stone circles are of a type common in Sweden which were typically built in the five hundred years up to 500 AD. Their function is uncertain.</p><br>
<p>The Chris Poldberg Farmstead is a collection of historic domestic and agricultural buildings located southeast of Jacksonville, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The historic designation includes the two-story, foursquare, frame house ; the Midwest three portal barn ; hog house ; poultry house ; machine shed ; and cob house . The house was built by Carl V. Andersen, and the barn, machine shed, and hog house by Jacksonville carpenter gangs.</p><br>
<p>Chris Poldberg was born in Denmark in 1862. His original surname was Andersen, but he changed it to avoid confusion with the multiple families in the area whose name was Andersen. He immigrated to the United States in 1885, and settled in Elk Horn, Iowa where he worked as a farm hand. Three year later he married Mary Hoogensen Smith, a widow, and they settled on her farm. Her late husband, Fred Smith, bought the farm from the railroad in 1880. The farm was expanded to 280 acre by 1915. Poldberg raised Shorthorn cattle and hogs, and supplemented with poultry.</p><br>
<p>Ta&#39; Ġawhar Tower is a round Punic-Roman tower in the village of Safi, Malta. The tower is the best preserved of the six Punic-Roman towers in Malta at approximately seven wall courses high. The tower was probably built at the time of the Punic Wars, although it continued in use during the Roman period before its destruction in the 3rd century AD.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Six round towers survive in various degrees of preservation on the main island of Malta. Thought likely to be of Punic construction, they appear to have been built in response to the period of unrest associated with the Punic Wars in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.</p><br>
<p>The remains of Ta&#39; Ġawhar Tower consist of the lower seven courses of the tower. It is built up of large ashlar blocks, typical of Punic architecture. The tower also has a rectangular cistern attached to it.</p><br>
<p>The Ta&#39; Ġawhar Tower was excavated by David Trump in the 1960s. The tower is scheduled as grade 1 national monument by the Malta Environment and Planning Authority and is also listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Čertova pec  is a small karst cave in the Považský Inovec mountains of Slovakia. It is located near Radošina, in the Nitra Region. As well as being a modern recreational site, the cave is known to have yielded material evidence of repeated human presence and habitation during the Stone Age.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The cave with total length of 27 m, is a protected natural monument due to its paleontological significance. The surrounding area of Certova pec is also a recreational site which includes a motel, a campsite, and a playground. There are three hiking trails in the vicinity.</p><br>
<h2>Paleontology</h2><br>
<p>The site has yielded relics of multiple habitation phases during the Palaeolithic period. In addition to this is an assemblage of objects tentatively associated with the Szeletian culture, a local designation that roughly corresponds with the contemporary Gravettian culture. A radiocarbon date of Szeletian cultural artifacts suggests prehistoric human presence in the cave at around 38,400 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Decker House Hotel is a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. James Decker, an entrepreneur from Watertown, New York held numerous real estate holdings in and around Maquoketa. He built the first Decker House, a frame structure, in 1856. After Maquoketa was named the county seat in 1873, Decker decided to replace it. The three-story, brick, Italianate building was designed by Watertown architect W.W. Tucker. Its decoration is limited to the north and east elevations. Noteworthy, is its metal cornice and window hoods. It opened in May 1878, and it had two other competitors in town at that time. Following his death in 1881, James Decker&#39;s son Leonard took over his holdings in New York and Iowa. He moved into the Decker House in 1885 and died there in 1900. The building has subsequently lost its entrance porch, original front doors and the pediment over the cornice. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Hurst is a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1897 as the Delmonico Hotel by a group of local investors who desired a first-class hotel in town. It was built towards the end of Maquoketa&#39;s financial boom years that had begun with the arrival of the railroad in 1870 and the county seat designation in 1873. The three-story, brick Second Empire style building anchors the southern end of the central business district. It features decorative cast hoodmolds over the windows on the main facade, and a mansard roof. The iron cresting on top of the building is not the original. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It has subsequently been converted into an apartment building. The Hotel Hurst Garage, which was located immediately north of the hotel, has been torn down.</p><br>
<p>Holm Land , sometimes referred to as "Hahn Land", is a peninsula in King Frederick VIII Land, northeastern Greenland. Administratively it belongs to the NE Greenland National Park area.</p><br>
<p>This peninsula was named by the 1906-1908 Denmark expedition after Danish naval officer and Arctic explorer Gustav Frederik Holm.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Holm Land is bounded in the north by the Ingolf Fjord, in the east by the Greenland Sea and in the south by the Hekla Sound and the Dijmphna Sound. Steep cliffs make up most of the southern shore.</p><br>
<p>To the south lie Lynn Island and larger Hovgaard Island. Eskimonæsset is the peninsula&#39;s easternmost point and Hanseraq Fjord is a small fjord in the eastern coast.</p><br>
<p>Holm Land is mountainous, especially in its western part where the Princess Caroline Mathilde Alps (Prinsesse Caroline Mathilde Alper) run from north to south across the western end of the peninsula. The highest point reaches 1,627 m at 80&deg;28&prime;28&Prime;N latitude, 19&deg;36&prime;38&Prime;W longitude. Mallemukfjeldet is a high plateau in the eastern part.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Hurst Garage, also known as the Roberts Garage, was a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1910 by the owner of the Hotel Hurst next door. The owner of the Decker House Hotel had built a similar building two years earlier. The Hurst sold Buicks and the Decker sold Cadillacs. The cars could serve the needs of the hotels&#39; guests, and it provided an automobile rental service as well as automobile sales. It was a single-story brick structure that featured a tri-partite design. The central garage door was flanked by two display windows that showed off the new cars. The decorative elements were reserved to the top of the building, and included a broad brick paneled frieze, brick corbelled cornice, and a metal cornice. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It has subsequently been torn down.</p><br>
<p>Romer Lake  is a land-locked freshwater fjord at the northern end of King Frederick VIII Land, near Greenland&#39;s northeastern coast. The Danish military base/weather station Nord —the only inhabited place in the area— lies 50 km to the northeast. The lake and its surroundings are part of the Northeast Greenland National Park zone.</p><br>
<p>Romer Lake was first mapped in 1933 by Lauge Koch during aerial surveys made during the 1931–34 Three-year Expedition to East Greenland (Treårsekspeditionen). It was likely named after the American paleontologist Alfred Romer (1894–1973).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Romer Lake is located at the western end of the Crown Prince Christian Land peninsula to the west of the Princess Elizabeth Alps. It lies in long and narrow depression running parallel to the Denmark Fjord system further north and stretching roughly from NE to SW for about 80 km. A glacier has its terminus at the northern end and the Nunataami Elv river valley flows out of the southern end of the lake and, bending south through the valley known as Vandredalen,</p><br>
<h3>Elephant Foot Glacier</h3><br>
<p>Romer Lake is famous for its impressive Elephant Foot Glacier, a wide piedmont glacier with a strikingly-shaped 5.4 km wide terminal lobe flowing into the lake from the SE in its central part.</p><br>
<p>Certain landscape features on Mars that are believed to also be glaciers have terminal moraine shape that allegedly resembles the Elephant Foot Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The Southard Block is a historic commercial building at 25 Front Street in the village center of Richmond, Maine. Built in 1882, it is one of the small communitys prominent commercial buildings, with distinctive Second Empire styling. It was built by T.J. Southard, the towns leading shipbuilder of the period. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Southard Block stands in the village center of Richmond, on the west side of Front Street at the junction with Weymouth Street. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, with a dormered mansard roof providing a full third story. It has a single storefront on the ground floor, with two bays of display windows on each side of a central recessed entrance; these elements are framed by cast iron elements, including pilasters at the building corners. The second floor is five bays wide, with sash windows set in segmented-arch openings topped by brick headers with stone keystone and shoulder elements. The main roof cornice is deep and studded with modillions, and the roof doormers have fully pedimented gables.</p><br>
<p>The town of Richmond was a major shipbuilding center on the Kennebec River in the mid-19th century, and T.J. Southard was its most prominent builder and businessman, operating not just a shipyard, but also a local dry goods store, grist mill, and cotton mill. This building was constructed by Southard in 1880-83, and served as the heart of his empire. The interior retains original elements associated with his bank vault and counting room. It now houses a local senior center.</p><br>
<p>Pendle Hill is a historic summer house between United States Route 202 and China Lake in South China, Maine. Built in 1916, it served as the summer home of Quaker theologian, historian, and writer Rufus Jones until his death in 1948. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Pendle Hill is located on the crest of a low ridge paralleling both US 202 and the southeastern shore of China Lake, north of the village of South China. The house itself is set on the edge of a small wooded area, with a view down the west side of the ridge toward the lake, across a cleared meadow. The meadow is separated from the lake by a wooded area. The house is a modest 1-1/2 story Shingle style structure, with a gable roof that changes pitch to extend on the west side over a porch, with shingled square posts for support. The interior is finished in stained pine, and is modestly styled, with exposed roof trusses.</p><br>
<p>Pendle Hill was built beginning in 1909 for writer Rufus Jones, who grew up in South China, and was drawn to the place as a regular summer retreat. The house was designed by Jones and built by George Marr, a local contractor, whose work was apparently substandard. Jones and his brother Herbert continued to work on the house after Marrs involvement ended, making repairs and improvements to it. The interior is largely in the same condition as it was upon Jones death in 1948.</p><br>
<p>The Chester Village Historic District encompasses the historic southern portion of the main village of Chester, Vermont. Essentially a linear stretch of Main Street , this area includes some of the village&#39;s oldest  buildings, and has an architectural history spanning into the early 20th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The layout of Chester&#39;s central village was born in a religious controversy in 1785. Baptists and Congregationalists disagreed over the placement of their respective houses of worship, with the dispute being resolved by the Congregationalists taking the North parish (now the northern part of the village) and the Baptists the South parish (the subject of this district). The Baptists built their first meetinghouse still standing) in 1785, eventually moving to a larger building (also standing) in 1835. The area benefited economically from its presence on a stagecoach route, and from industry along the Williams River. The construction of the railroad between the two villages resulted in their eventual combination into a larger extended village.</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompassing the original South parish extends along Main Street, from a point just northwest of Lovers Lane to Maple Street, and extends for short distances along adjacent roads. Most of the buildings in the district are modestly scaled wood frame structures, built in the mid-19th century, during the villages period of greatest economic prosperity. Notable exceptions include the brick Chester Academy building (1814; enlarged 1830), two Federal style brick houses built in the 1820s, and a brick commercial block, also from the Federal period.</p><br>
<p>The D.H. Anderson Building  was a historic building located at 129 South Main Street in Maquoketa, Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The three-story brick building was built in 1882 by Dr. Galloway Truax, a local druggist. The grocery firm of D. H. Anderson initially occupied the first floor commercial space, and Anderson bought the building in 1888. It remained in the family until 1956. A lawyer and the Knights of Pythias occupied the second floor, and the Masons occupied the third floor. The building had an unusual gable roof to accommodate the Masons&#39; desire for a vaulted ceiling. After the Masons moved out in 1902, the Knights of Pythias occupied the third floor until 1957. Various retail establishments occupied the first floor retail space. The building was damaged in a 1971 fire. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. The Mitchell-Maskrey Mill across the alley was also damaged.</p><br>
<p>The Cundill Block is a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. Local photographer Will Cundill had this two-story brick commercial building constructed in 1882. His studio was originally located on the second floor before he moved it to the main floor in 1895 when he built an addition onto the back. A variety of retail businesses have occupied the commercial space over the years. The building is representative of the brick commercial buildings that were built in Maquoketa in the 1880s and the 1890s. It features simple brick hoodmolds over the windows and a brick patterned cornice across the top. Although covered, the iron storefront remains in place. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Merrero Building is a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1918 to replace a three-story brick building on the same location that was damaged in a fire the previous year. While there was a debate about whether to rebuild or build new, it appears they built a new building. It is a two-story structure with three storefronts on the main level. It is significant as an example of early 20th-century commercial design and material. The exterior is composed of white glazed brick with paired windows on the second floor. An old fashioned Italianate metal cornice caps the main facade. While it looks out of place, historic photos show that it is part of the original design. Marble panels were originally located below the display windows on the main floor. The storefront on the left has been altered, but the other two are originals. Transoms above the second floor windows, and the prism glass transoms above the storefronts remain in place, but have been covered. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The C.M. Sanborn Building is a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. Built in 1896, it is significant as an example of High Victorian Italianate architecture. The three-story, brick building features cast hoodmolds above the windows, twin oriel windows, and an elaborate cornice. C.M. Sanborn was a local grocer whose business operated out of a number of buildings in the central business district before he built this building. He acted as the general contractor for the construction of this building, and hired two local builders to construct it. William Hancock was a brick mason, and W.P. Thomas was a carpenter. Sanborn filed for bankruptcy around 1911, and was forced to sell the building. A variety of retail establishments have occupied the main floor, while the second floor was rented as office space. A Masonic lodge occupied the third floor shortly after the building was completed, and remained until 1968. The Masons owned the building by that time. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Maquoketa Company-Clinton Machine Company Administration Building, also known as Building #7: Clinton Engines Corporation Administration Building, is a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>C.A. Depue was the president of the Central Steel Tube Company in Clinton, Iowa when he opened a small factory in Maquoketa to manufacture machine gun components during World War II. He expanded the operation calling it The Maquoketa Company, and built a factory on the east side of town. This building was built as an office building for the plant from 1945 to about 1947. By 1950 the factory had grown to 160,000 ft&sup2;. That same year Depue sold the facility to Don Thomas, who moved his Clinton Machine Company from Clinton, Michigan to Maquoketa. The Maquoketa Company moved to Clinton, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>Clinton Machine Company manufactured small gasoline engines, and by 1956 they were the tenth largest employer in Iowa. They changed their name to Clinton Engines Corporation in 1958. It was at this time that farmers began working in the factory and farmed around their shift work. Thomas sold the company to the Charnay Group, an investment company based in New York City. The company manufactured engines for washing machines, chain saws, outboard motors, industrial air circulation fans, and lawn mowers for a variety of companies. It won the President&#39;s "E" Award in 1966. However, the Charnay Group failed to adequately support Clinton Engines financially, and it had to file for bankruptcy the same year. Clinton Engines was sold to Martin Hoffinger, a New York investor, who operated the company on a reduced basis. It was eventually downsized to produce spare parts for engine repairs. By 1999 there were only about 35 employees left. The plant was in disrepair when it closed that year. In 2000 the facility was donated to the city of Maquoketa, who tore down the factory and maintained the office building. The Jackson County Historical Society maintains the Clinton Engines Museum, the Jackson County Research & Family History Library, the JCHS Media Arts Center, the Clinton Engines Association, and a large program center in the building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Building #7, as it was known, is a single-story, brick structure, with a full basement. The building was locally designed and constructed by employees of the Maquoketa Company in the Moderne style. This is the only building in the county that was built in this style. It features simple lines, shapes, and planar surfaces. Both the main entryway on the north side of the building and its corners are rounded. The building sits on a 5 acre lot, and is fronted by a park-like setting, which is how the building was always situated. The factory sat immediately behind it. In the 1950s the property was planted with evergreen trees, shrubs, and flowers. They were removed over the years.</p><br>
<p>The First National Bank, now known as USA Bank, is a historic building located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. The Lytle Company of Sioux City, Iowa designed this building for First National Bank. Between 1913 and 1923 they were responsible for designing at least twenty-five bank buildings in Iowa, mostly in smaller communities. The Neoclassical style building is faced with terra cotta produced by the American Terra Cotta Company of</p><br>
<p>Chicago. Completed in 1920, the two-story, double-wide structure features four columns in the Ionic order. Its various design elements include Greek key, Egg-and-dart, foliated rinceau, rosettes, anthemion, and volutes. First National Bank failed in the Great Depression, and the building was taken over by Jackson State Bank. It now houses a branch of US Bank. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Ingolf Fjord , also known as Ingolf Sound, is a fjord of Greenland&#39;s northeastern coast in northern King Frederick VIII Land.</p><br>
<p>The fjord was named by the 1906-1908 Denmark expedition led by Lauge Koch which mapped Greenland&#39;s north coast between Cape York and Denmark Sound. It was named after 544-ton schooner Ingolf, used for hydrographic surveys in the waters off Greenland in 1879 and 1895; this vessel had also been used by Andreas Peter Hovgaard on a voyage to the West Indies in 1884–85.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Ingolf Fjord is located between Holm Land to the south and Amdrup Land to the north at the southern end of the Crown Prince Christian Land peninsula. On its eastern end lie the Wegener Islands, near its mouth in the Greenland Sea. Between Cape Jungersen to the north and Eskimonaesset to the south. On the fjord&#39;s southern shore lie the Princess Caroline-Mathilde Alps and the terminus of the Spaerre Brae glacier (Brede Spærregletscher), about 40 km from its mouth. Nunatameporten is a 1593 m high mountain rising west of the glacier. The Bjørne Glacier discharges from the west side of the outer Ingolf Fjord, draining the Princess Elizabeth Alps range to the north.</p><br>
<p>The southern end of the Princess Elizabeth Alps and the Hjorne Glacier(Hjørnegletscher) are located on the north side of the inner fjord. A few miles further west the Ingolf Fjord bends to the SSW at a right angle. The Nunataami Elv river valley —the outflow of Romer Lake further north— discharges at the northern inner arm of the fjord. This arm was formerly believed to form the head of the fjord, but in 1939, the fjord was found to continue further to the west and SW, ending in two short branches in its innermost end, the Månevig branching in a western direction and the Solvig in a southern direction. The Drabe Glacier (Dråbegletscher) is a hanging glacier located on the east side of this area.</p><br>
<p>The Security Trust Building is a historic commercial building at Museum and Main Streets in downtown Rockland, Maine. Built in 1912, it is a high-quality local example of Colonial Revival architecture, designed by Boston architect R. Clipston Sturgis. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Security Trust Building is located in downtown Rockland, at the northwest corner of Main and Museum Streets, just north of the Farnsworth Art Museum. It is a rectangular single-story masonry structure, built out of brick with marble trim. It has a flat roof (now with a restaurant terrace on it, surrounded by a metal railing), and is set on a granite foundation faced in marble. The building corners have brick quoining, which rise to an entablature with bands of brick and marble, including a marble cornice. The main facade faces Main Street, and is three bays wide. The center bay has the building entrance, flanked by engaged Ionic columns, and topped by an entablature and gabled pediment. The flanking windows are set in rounded-arch openings above marble panes. Similar windows line the facade facing Museum Street. The interior includes a decorative frieze depicting the coinage of the period.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1911-12 to a design by Boston architect R. Clipston Sturgis. It is a high-quality example of an early 20th-century modestly scaled bank building with Colonial Revival styling.</p><br>
<p>The Christian Street Rural Historic District encompasses the surviving elements of an early settlement village in the town of Hartford, Vermont. Centered on the junction of Christian Street  and Jericho Street in northeastern Hartford, the area includes a modest number of 18th and 19th-century houses, as well as two farms that have been in the same families since the 18th century. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Hartford was chartered in 1761, with settlement beginning in 1763 near White River Junction. The area along the Connecticut River north of White River Junction was settled not long after, with members of Hazen family (originally from Woodbury, Connecticut) settling by 1770. Houses were built by the families that farmed the area along the stagecoach route, now Christian Street, signed US 5 in the area of the historic district. Ten houses, built between about 1775 and 1900, make up the principal elements of the district, along with the landscape of farmland running from Christian Street down to the river. The cemetery marking the southern end of the district was established about 1778.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is centered on the junction of Christian Street (US 5) and Jericho Street, which climbs the hill to the west. Its southern bound is the cemetery near the point where Christian Road and US 5 divide, and its northern boundary is roughly Hemlock Ridge Drive. All but one of the houses are located on Christian Road; one is on Jericho Street. There are two historic barns, one of which is a rare 18th-century structure. Most of the houses have associated outbuildings that are more modern. The houses are of generally moderate scale, 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 stories in height. Most are of wood frame construction and are finished in wooden clapboards; there is one brick house.</p><br>
<p>Seneca Williams Mill is a historic building located just outside of Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. Originally known as Oakland Mill, it was built by Joseph Willey in 1867. The 2½-story stone building has a partial basement and is capped with a gable roof. A water-powered turbine, still extant, supplied the power to operate the mill. The location of the mill race can still be seen on the east side of the property, and permanents of the damn remain in Prairie Creek. None of the mill workings remain on the inside. Willey sold the mill to Seneca Williams in 1867, and he operated in until 1904. The building was converted into a barn in 1920. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Wildlife artist Patrick J. Costello used the old mill as a residence and studio from 1979 to 2006. His daughter Tracy Costello Taylor has operated it since as a reception hall.</p><br>
<p>The Maquoketa Public Library is located in Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. The Maquoketa Literary Society was organized as early as 1851, and the Boardman Library Institute was founded in 1885. The community applied to the Carnegie Corporation of New York for a grant to build a free public library, and on March 14, 1902 they were awarded $12,500. The total cost of acquiring the property and constructing the building was $15,000, which they raised by public contributions and entertainments. Independence, Iowa architect Harry Netcott designed the Neoclassical building. It is a single-story brick structure that rests on a raised limestone basement. Bedford stone was used for the trim. It features a symmetrical facade, with columns in the Ionic order that frame the portico. The interior features a columned rotunda. It was dedicated on January 19, 1904. The Boardman Library Institute merged with the Free Public Library after the new building was completed. The roofline was altered slightly when a new roof was added around the middle of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, and it was included as a contributing property in the West Pleasant Street Historic District in 1991. An addition was built onto the north side of the building in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Rockville Historic District is a national historic district located at Rockville, Parke County, Indiana. The district encompasses 210 contributing buildings, 3 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Rockville. It developed between about 1826 and 1942, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Colonial Revival, and Queen Anne style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Parke County Courthouse , Memorial Presbyterian Church , Sheriff&#39; Residence and Jail, USA Post Office , Rockville Public Library , Methodist Episcopal Church , Rockville Grade School , Parke County Seminary , Rockville Opera House , First National Bank , Judge Samuel Maxwell House , Dr. P.Q. Stryker House , Dr. Harrison J. Rice House , and Dr. Marion Goss House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Weller House, also known as The Old Prison Farm, is a historic home located in Pine Township, Porter County, Indiana. It was built about 1870, and is a two-story, rectangular, Italianate style frame dwelling. It consists of a middle section flanked by projecting wings. The house features an entrance portico and round-cornered window frames.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Italianate house, sits on a knoll facing Burdick Road on ((convert4.1acreha, east of Chesterton. North of the house is a milk house and woodshed, and a large barn. To the northeast is a brick dormitory and a chicken coop.</p><br>
<p>The two story, frame, structure was built c. 1870. It is rectangular with a middle section and two projecting wings. A third wing was added on the east. It has a hipped roof, a characteristic of the Italianate style. Significant design features include the entrance portico, round-cornered window frames and sashes, and the arched hood moldings over most windows.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The house is built on a painted brick foundation. The main entrance is on the south side with a pair of windows to the east. A set of paired windows are to the west. The first floor windows are match on the second floor. A plain, wide frieze with brackets under the eaves support a hipped roof. The brick chimney is painted to the roof line.</p><br>
<p>A gable-roofed, enclosed entrance to the cellar is located in front of the central bay on the first floor of the north elevation. The wide frieze and brackets, which surround the entire house, are visible on the north side, as well. The north side of the east addition has a concrete foundation and concrete steps leading to a door. The one story, frame structure appears to have had a later porch, which is now removed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built ca. 1870, the Weller House has outstanding details, including; round-cornered window frames, sashes, and hood moldings. A rope molding on the outside corners seldom occur in northwestern Indiana. Double brackets under the eaves is unusual as well.</p><br>
<p>Rosina Weller purchased the land in 1865. Upon her death in 1880, John C. and Charles E. Weller inherited the property. There were several owners in 1881, 1884, and 1901, until the State Department of Corrections in 1931. it was "Old Prison Farm" for 48 years to teach agricultural skills.</p><br>
<p>Good Fellow Club Youth Camp is a historic summer camp and a national historic district located at Porter, Porter County, Indiana. The district encompasses nine contributing buildings, seven contributing structures, and one contributing site built by USA Steel for its employees children. The contributing resources include the camp site with roadways and foundations of removed buildings, administration building , gate house and flagstone wall , caretakers house and garage , pool house , steel footbridge, steel swimming pool , riflery , and tennis courts . The buildings reflect the Adirondack rustic and American Craftsman architectural styles. The camp remained in operation until 1976, and is now part of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Loch Shurrery  is a small, shallow, lowland freshwater loch lying approximately 8 mi south west of Thurso in the Scottish Highlands. The loch has a somewhat elliptical shape with a perimeter of 7.4 km. It is approximately 1.25 mi long, has an average depth of 4.5 ft and is 7 ft at its deepest. The loch was surveyed on 6 October 1902 by John Parsons and T.R.H. Garrett and later charted as part of Sir John Murray&#39;s Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909. A dam lies to the north end of the loch.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 200 yd from the northern end of the loch are the archaeological remains of an Iron Age hut circle with a medium-sized oval house. Some pottery was found at the site. At the southern end of the loch is Lambsdale Leans, a cairn with possible cist or chamber. Two Viking graves lie nearby.</p><br>
<p>The loch is used for fishing and the Dounreay Fly Fishing Association keeps a boat on the loch for members and visitors.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vernon Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Mount Vernon, Posey County, Indiana. The district encompasses 39 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, 1 contributing structure, and 2 contributing objects in the central business district of Mount Vernon. It developed between about 1850 and 1953, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, and Classical Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Posey County Courthouse Square. Other notable contributing resources include the McFadin Cemetery, Sherburne Park, the Armory , the Alexandrian  Library , City Hall , Fogas Building , Palace Soda Shop, Memorial Coliseum , and the Opera House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Welborn Historic District is a national historic district located at Mount Vernon, Posey County, Indiana. The district encompasses 154 contributing buildings and 5 contributing structures in a predominantly residential section of Mount Vernon laid out by Jesse Welborn between 1822 and 1826. It developed between about 1840 and 1942, and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Colonial Revival style architecture. Notable contributing buildings include the Gov. Alvin P. Hovey House , Edward Sullivan House , C.P. Klein House Johnson-Rosenbaum House , St. Matthews Catholic Church , First Presbyterian Church , Trinity Evangelical Church , St. Johns Episcopal Church , Mount Vernon Post Office .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Burdekin River Rail Bridge is a heritage-listed former railway bridge on the Great Northern railway over the Burdekin River at Dotswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Henry Charles Stanley and built from to 1899 by Swanson Brothers. It is also known as Macrossan Bridge. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Burdekin River Rail Bridge is a metal truss bridge running parallel to the current bridge and was designed to carry the Great Northern Railway over the Burdekin River at Macrossan in 1899.</p><br>
<p>The Great Northern Railway was intended principally to connect the important goldfield at Charters Towers to the port of Townsville, although it was also of great value to the pastoral industry and the general development of North Queensland. In August 1877 the Queensland Government approved the first stretch of line to the top of the Haughton Range. The line to Mingela (formerly Ravenswood Junction) was opened on 9 November 1881, to Macrossan on 24 July 1882 and to Charters Towers on 14 December 1882.</p><br>
<p>In order to cross the Burdekin River, the line was carried over a road bridge at Macrossan which had been opened for traffic in mid-1879 and was converted for railway use in 1881. A temporary line was laid on the upstream side to enable the passage of freight from November 1882 even before work was completed. However, this bridge was low level and was frequently under water during the wet season, disrupting traffic. On 22 March 1890 a major flood covered the bridge to a depth of 55 feet. It was clearly necessary to construct a higher bridge and a decision was made to do so, though not implemented for some years after this. The new bridge was designed while Henry Charles Stanley was Chief Engineer for Railways. Stanley was an important early engineer in Queensland. He was born and trained in Scotland and was appointed to Queensland Railways in 1863. After working as chief engineer on several lines, he became responsible for the whole colony in 1892. During the 1890s a number of large metal truss rail bridges were constructed and crossed major streams making the connection of important towns and resources possible. In this way they were vital to the operation of the transport system and the development of the state as a whole. Many of these early bridges have since been replaced.</p><br>
<p>A contract for the Macrossan bridge (at a projected cost of £52,143) and a three-mile deviation was let to Swanson Brothers on 26 May 1896. Although completion was planned for 1897, the bridge was not finished until 17 January 1899 and, after tests, it was passed for use by the Government Inspector for Bridges in March 1899. At the time of its construction, it was one of the largest bridges in Queensland and was the last of the series of its type built.</p><br>
<p>The completed bridge was 3 metres above the highest known flood level. Its six 250 foot steel spans were supported on piers and basalt cutwater quoins based on rock. There were four 50 foot continuous plate girders on each side and 434 feet of timber trestle. The track was supported on the lower chord, the floor completely decked and a substantial handrail provided. However, despite its size, the bridge was limited to carrying an 8-ton axle load. It was thought that the problem lay not with the bridge itself but rather with the timber approaches. These were strengthened by 1937 and the bridge was then used by all classes of steam locomotives.</p><br>
<p>Although diesel locomotives used the bridge from 1953, the bridge could not be economically strengthened to take two coupled diesel locomotives. In 1961 work began on a new bridge upstream. This new bridge was opened on 16 May 1964. It was similar in construction to the old bridge and because it is located close to the alignment of the old bridge it was not economically feasible to remove the old bridge without risk of damage to the new. The old bridge was decommissioned and the timber approach spans totalling 434 feet on the eastern side have been removed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This bridge spans the Burdekin River at Macrossan and is no longer in use. It consists of six 250 foot (76.2) riveted through Pratt truss spans flanked on either side by four 50 foot plate girder spans supported on cast iron piers, concrete piers and one abutment.</p><br>
<p>It consists of the following components:</p><br>
<p>7 x 1 x 2 x 20 (6.1 metre) timber longitudinals, decking, concrete abutments, common braced timber trestles</p><br>
<p>3 x 2 x 2 x 26 foot (7.9 metre) timber longitudinals, decking, common braced timber trestles</p><br>
<p>6 x 2 x 2 x 36 foot (11.0 metre) timber longitudinals with understrutting, decking, common braced timber trestles, common concrete pier</p><br>
<p>4 x 2 x 50 foot (15.2 metre) rivetted half-through plate girders, decking, common concrete pier, common cast iron cylinder piers, common concrete arch</p><br>
<p>1 x 40 foot (12.2 metre) concrete arch, decking</p><br>
<p>6 x 250 foot (76.2 metre) riveted 14-panel double intersection through Pratt trusses, decking, common concrete arch, common concrete piers, common concrete arch</p><br>
<p>1 x 40 foot (12.2 metre) arch span, decking</p><br>
<p>4 x 2 x 50 foot (15.2 metre) rivetted half through plate girders, decking, common concrete arch, common cast iron cylinder piers, concrete abutment and embankment</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Burdekin River Rail Bridge was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>This bridge, which allowed the railway to cross a major river, demonstrates the way in which Queensland was developed by linking important inland resources with ports.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of a metal truss bridge of its era and was the first of a number of this type built during this period, many of which have since been replaced.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>It was one of the largest bridges in Queensland at the time of its construction and it demonstrates the skill with which the technology of the era was used to solve the problems of severe climatic conditions and terrain encountered by railway engineers.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is an important example of the work of Henry Stanley, Chief Engineer for Railways and a major figure in the early history of engineering in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Totley Township is a heritage-listed mining camp at Charters Towers Mining District, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It is also known as Great Extended Mill, Great Extended Mine, and King&#39;s New Mill & Tramway. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Great Extended Mine</h3><br>
<p>Ravenswood struggled to maintain its status as an important gold producer during the 1870s but in early 1880, a silver-lead discovery at Totley, about 2 km from Ravenswood led to renewed prosperity.</p><br>
<p>Richard King developed the first silver mine during 1881 and 1882, but realized he needed more capital to exploit the mine. Accordingly, he launched the Ravenswood Silver Mining Company Limited, with £60,000 in £1 shares, in Sydney in June 1882 and installed new plant and surface buildings. This activity sparked a small rush for silver properties and by the end of 1883 there were rival companies on adjacent leases trying to intersect the lode at deep levels.</p><br>
<p>The Great Extended Ravenswood Mining Company spent over £2,000 on surface plant (headframe, winding gear and two engines), and the shaft was sunk to 209m on the vertical and to a further 30.5m on the underlie once the lode was intersected. Although one assay was of 5,000 ozs of silver to the ton, results were disappointing compared with the adjacent King&#39;s mine.</p><br>
<p>There was a fatality (Alfred Cook) in the mine in 1886 and the mine manager (Frederick Wolff) was fined after admitting that the brace was faulty.</p><br>
<p>The Great Extended Company, with strong financial backing, was sustained more by hope than metal returns. Indeed, the rich 1885 assay influenced wanton expenditure on an elaborate treatment plant costing £11,500, even though by 1888, when the mine&#39;s treatment works were completed, the amount of driving and stoping after the shaft had cut the lode, was minimal and only 2,000 tons had been stacked.</p><br>
<p>Operations at the mine ceased in 1890, probably due to speculative investment, which led to over-capitalisation, rather than because of falling silver prices, which had been sliding since 1886, or the loss of a silver consignment on the ill-fated RMS Quetta.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 Percy Kean Jnr. commissioned a mining engineer, Archibald Woodville Wilson to report on the prospects for Kings freehold and M.L. 363 which included the Great Extended shaft. Wilson reported that the Great Extended shaft had definitely proved a large lode formation with 180m to 206m vertical depth, from 1.5m to 3.6m in width with phenomenally high metal values at 198m depth. Kean decided to go ahead with development and purchased the mining plant at the Louisa mine, near Maytown, on the Palmer River goldfields. By 1949 he had erected the steel headframe, recollared the shaft and installed the Vickers generator and a 220 h.p. MAN diesel engine from the Louisa, and a new winding engine. However attempts to dewater the mine were unsuccessful so he pumped out the nearby Kings mine.</p><br>
<p>In 1952, Thomas Heywood Connah, a government geologist, recommended further investigation of the front portion of the lode and Kean renewed equipment and continued mining. With the market depressed in 1953, Kean decided to abandon both mines. Kean&#39;s enterprise had produced 3,034 ozs of silver, 20 tons of lead and less than 100 tons of zinc concentrates.</p><br>
<p>Kean sublet the Great Extended lease to a Sydney company, Silver Horizons No Liability in 1964. They employed nine men to dewater the mine and clean out the stopes before mining but poor assay results discouraged further work and they withdrew. The mine has been abandoned since, although most of the machinery remains on site.</p><br>
<h3>King's New Mill and Tramway</h3><br>
<p>Richard King, realizing that he needed capital to further develop his mine, launched the Ravenswood Silver Mining Company Limited with £60,000 capital in June 1882. The treatment works were erected by 1883 and consisted of a Hope&#39;s stone breaker, a set of 75 cm rolls, a Hancock jig, 35 cm raff wheel, pulleys and trommels; and the workforce doubled to 46 men. In 1883, 371 tons of high grade ore valued at £11,872 were exported. In 1884, the despatch by railway of 853 tons of concentrate valued at £19,566 reflected the increased productivity. In 1885, despite temporary suspension of operations due to drought, 866 tons of concentrate valued at £21,568 were dispatched. In 1886, 743 tons valued at £19,036 were exported and in 1887, the output was 899 tons valued at £20,632.</p><br>
<p>The township of Totley was surveyed in 1886 and the King family dominated the lives of the residents: Richard was the managing director of the Ravenswood Silver Mining Company; Edward was the mine manager; William owned the boarding house and store; and George ran the brickworks. Over half the streets of the township were named after King family members.</p><br>
<p>Following favourable official assessments of the ore potential in King&#39;s freehold, a Melbourne syndicate bought into the Ravenswood Silver Mining Company and refloated it, under the same name, on the English market. With over 30,000 tons of tailings in the dumps, the new company proposed an elaborate treatment plant to be housed in an all brick building on One Mile Creek, connected by an endless chain tramway to the mine, at a cost of £15,000.</p><br>
<p>The mill was completed in 1889 and equipped by Sandycroft and Company, of Chester U.K., with three engines aggregating 54 h.p., Cornish boilers, piston jiggers, stone breakers, two pairs of rollers, two raff wheels and elevators, classifier, three sluices, six 4.9m Borleas round buddles, picking tables, three Frue vanners and a separator. Richard King remained as director of the company and Edward King as mine manager. When operations resumed in 1890, the mill ran only briefly yielding 274 tons of concentrate valued at £6,411. Soon after it closed permanently and King&#39;s mine was let to tributors but it too closed at the end of 1891 when the company abandoned its leases.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 Percy Kean Snr. acquired Kings freehold and commenced dewatering Kings shaft but the task proved too much for their machinery and finances. After World War 2, Kings freehold and M.L.363, which included the neighbouring Great Extended Shaft, were taken over by Percy Kean Jnr., who decided to recommence operations. However water inflow was again a problem and Kean decided to pump out Kings shaft. In 1951 Kean raised 50 tons of galena from Kings mine and rather than re-equip Kings mill he had his ore processed at Partridge&#39;s mill on Elphinstone Creek. However, with falling prices, Kean decided in 1953 to abandon both mines.</p><br>
<h3>Great Extended Mill</h3><br>
<p>The Great Extended Mill was developed in conjunction with the Great Extended Mine. A rich assay in 1885 influenced £11,500 expenditure on an elaborate treatment plant which was completed in 1888. It consisted of three 54 h.p. steam engines, six Jordan and Cummins patent jiggers, a Black and Marsden stone breaker, winding and pumping gear, six revolving screens, two Linkenbach round buddles, classifier, elevators, picking tables, grizzly and spitzcasten.</p><br>
<p>The works were located on One Mile Creek, about 200m downstream from King&#39;s New Mill. Schemes were proposed for connecting the mill to the Great Extended Mine by a wire tramway and for constructing a pumping engine at Rocky Point on Elphinstone Creek with underground pipes to a reservoir to ensure sufficient water supply to the mill. However, apart from trial runs, the works never treated a single ton of ore for export and they were sold to the Mount Albion Silver Mining Company, operating at Montalbion near Irvinebank, and dismantled at the end of 1891.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Great Extended Mine</h3><br>
<p>The site contains a steel headframe of asymmetrical design which is located over a timbered shaft. Erosion of the shaft collar has fully exposed one of the concrete footings of the headframe. A mullock dump is located immediately west of the headframe. East of the headframe is an open-sided engine shed of corrugated iron on a timber and steel frame, containing a winding engine on a brick mount and a large four- cylinder MAN diesel engine with a Vickers generator. The engine shed also contains a compressor and marble slab electrical switchboard. A security fence has recently been erected around the engine shed.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Four-cylinder (marine type) diesel engine with flywheel - M.A.N.</p><br>
<p>DC generator (coupled to the M.A.N. diesel engine) - Vickers</p><br>
<p>Small diesel engine - General Motors</p><br>
<p>Electric winding engine - James Steel Engineers Marrickville Sydney</p><br>
<p>Headframe steelwork - Dorman Long Middlesbrough.</p><br>
<h3>King's New Mill and Tramway</h3><br>
<p>The site contains brick milling and machinery foundations located within a 50m square area on the east bank of One Mile Creek. A dominant structure is a brick mount that was probably associated with the terminus of the endless chain tramway. A stone forge is located at the north of the place. Structural evidence of the mill is minimal and difficult to interpret. The formation of the tramway running east from the mill features a raised ramp with stone abutments to allow its passage under Birkby Street, Totley.</p><br>
<h3>Great Extended Mill</h3><br>
<p>Mill foundations are located on the bank of a creek and include rendered brick concentration tanks and two concrete buddle bases each 8m in diameter with four outer annular channels of concrete. Adjacent to and immediately south of the buddles is a large rendered brick settling pond. There is minimal evidence of the mill building/s or other plant. The site of a large tailings dump is still evident to the south and east of the mill.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Totley Township was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Great Extended Mine at Totley is significant as a silver mining operation which was sustained more by hope than metal returns during two separate phases: 1883-1890 and 1947-1964.</p><br>
<p>Despite minimal structural evidence of the mill, other than machinery foundations of brick covering a 50m square area, the tramway formation running east from the mill site is still visible with raised embankments with stone abutments to allow its passage under the streets of Totley township. This archaeological remnant is rare surviving evidence of the transport system from mine to mill and illustrates the speculative enterprise of the King family in their overcapitalized attempt to establish a viable silver mining industry in the Charters Towers district.</p><br>
<p>The Great Extended Mills locational association with Kings New Mill illustrates the competition of rival companies during a speculative boom period through the duplication of facilities.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The steel headframe over the mine is the only assymmetrical steel headframe recorded in North Queensland and, together with the MAN diesel engine and Vickers generator, was associated with the Wolfram molybdenite field and the Palmer River goldfield.</p><br>
<p>Despite minimal structural evidence of the mill, other than machinery foundations of brick covering a 50m square area, the tramway formation running east from the mill site is still visible with raised embankments with stone abutments to allow its passage under the streets of Totley township. This archaeological remnant is rare surviving evidence of the transport system from mine to mill and illustrates the speculative enterprise of the King family in their overcapitalized attempt to establish a viable silver mining industry in the Charters Towers district.</p><br>
<p>The Great Extended Mill, Totley, is significant as a rare example of a silver processing mill in the Charters Towers district and one of only two sites recorded in North Queensland where Linkenbach buddles were installed.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The mine in its early phase was associated with poor management, accidents and a fatality, and in its later phase with experimentation by Percy Kean. The Great Extended Mine at Totley is one of the few readily accessible sites with early haulage plant and machinery still in position and physical evidence of mining remaining.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The plant was imported by the La Societe Francaise des Metaux Rares company in 1912 and re-located to the Louisa mine on the Palmer in 1915. The MAN diesel engine is also associated with the beginnings of the use diesel technology in Queensland mining, This demonstrates the reuse of equipment and technology from one field to another and its creative adaptation to suit different mining conditions forty years later.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>King&#39;s New Mill and Tramway is significant through its association with the enterprising King family, pioneers of Totley silver mining and milling.</p><br>
<p>Railway Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Barton Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel, a large brick hotel placed opposite the site of the railway station in Ravenswood, is one of a handful of buildings which survive from this once important mining town. It was built about 1901 for John Moran and is the second hotel of this name he operated on this site.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of several important goldfields in Queensland in the nineteenth century formed a major component in the development of North Queensland.The need to access and exploit gold finds determined the path of railways, the establishment of related industries and commerce and the location of settlements. Some of these were short lived "rushes", where tent and shanty townships disappeared almost as quickly as they rose. Other settlements based on goldfields became established towns with government and civic buildings, shops and family homes and survived as such. A few became important centres, only to fade away as gold yields fell. Ravenswood was one of these.</p><br>
<p>The area was first settled by Europeans following the establishment of Bowen in 1861. Pastoral runs were soon set up in the hinterland, including the area on which the Ravenswood field was to develop. The first gold in North Queensland had been found at Star River in 1865 and there were other brief rushes before a substantial find was made at the Cape Diggings in 1867. This triggered further exploration and gold was found at Merri Merriwa, the run on which the town of Ravenswood stands, in 1867, although it was reported as being on the adjoining property of Ravenswood, the name by which the field was always known.</p><br>
<p>Much of the gold initially found was in a triangle in and around three dry creeks which soon formed the focus for a tent and shanty settlement. Ravenswood gold was in reefs and a small battery was first set up in 1869, followed by the Lady Marian Mill in 1870. The settlement was also surveyed at this time, but by then the goldfield itself, and the buildings and streets already established had shaped the town and the survey merely formalised what was already in place. This can still be seen clearly in the irregularity of the major streets. Ravenswood was gazetted as a town in 1871. At this time it had 30 hotels and a population of about 1000.</p><br>
<p>It was also beginning to have problems as gold a deeper levels proved to be finely distributed in ore containing other minerals and was difficult to separate either by mechanical or chemical means. This meant that greater capital was required to fund various technologies for extracting the gold. Many miners left for other fields, such as Charters Towers, discovered in 1871 and which quickly overtook Ravenswood as a gold producer and as the most important inland North Queensland town. Despite this, Ravenswood continued to prosper due to a steady, though reduced, production of gold, the discovery of silver at nearby Totley in 1878 and as a commercial centre. By 1874, the town had a courthouse and police station, a post and telegraph office, and a school. Shanties were replaced by sawn timber buildings and as single miners left, more families moved in. The stability of the town was assisted in the 1880s by the arrival of the Great Northern railway which passed close to the town in 1881 on its way from Townsville to Charters Towers, thus reducing the cost of freight, and which was linked to Ravenswood by branch line in 1884. In this year Hugh Barton acquired several key mines as the Ravenswood Gold Company and experimented with better means to process Ravenswood ore. His modest success helped to provide employment and stability in the town. A new generation of public buildings replaced those of the early days of the field. It was during this period, in 1886, that the original Railway Hotel was built on this site for A.E. Hawkins, though the hotel was to have several publicans before the license was transferred to John Moran in 1893. Moran was a part owner in the London Mine across the street from the hotel and situated conveniently close to the railway.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, a new era began for the field when the New Ravenswood Company was formed by Archibald Laurence Wilson who raised overseas capital and took over the Barton mines. Old mines were opened and tailings reworked with more efficiency. The shareholders recouped their investment in the first two years and this drew world-wide interest. It was the beginning of Ravenswood&#39;s most prosperous period. In early 1901, a lavish new hotel, the Imperial, was opened only to be burned down and replaced with one even more stylish. Moran may have built the Railway Hotel at about this time.</p><br>
<p>The original timber hotel was moved to the opposite side of the road to make way for the construction of the new hotel and burned down shortly afterwards. 1901 was a year of fires and whole blocks on both sides of Macrossan Street were destroyed. A number of buildings, including the Imperial Hotel, were replaced in brick. Bricks had been made locally in Ravenswood since the early days and production capacity increased to meet the demand of the early 1900s. However, it is said that the bricks for the Railway Hotel were constructed at Moran&#39;s property at Connolly Creek by an Italian brickmaker. It is possible that this was the first major brick building in Ravenswood as his advertisements for the hotel stress the number of bricks used in the construction, which suggests a certain novelty value. The new hotel offered budget accommodation in a basement level and better quality rooms on the top floor. Moran is thought to have installed a water supply system from the London Mine, situated opposite the hotel, with the water being pumped by a hand pump on the balcony, for which the drain can still be seen. The Moran family ran the hotel until the 1950s, when it was taken over by the current family of publicans.</p><br>
<p>The population of Ravenswood peaked in 1903 at 4700, but after 1908 the town began to decline. As time went by the cost of extraction grew as returns lessened and Wilson lost money searching for "mother" lodes at deep levels and began to lay miners off. A strike in 1912 dragged out for eight months causing hardship and although judgement eventually favoured the miners, Wilson could no longer afford to employ many of them. The decline of the Ravenswood mines continued with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 increasing costs and disruptions to the labour supply. Buildings began to be sold for removal and in 1916 rail services were cut. In 1917 the New Ravenswood Company closed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s most of the timber buildings in Ravenswood were moved away. The Railway Hotel, being a brick building, could not be moved and continued to trade. Ravenswood Shire ceased to exist in 1929 and was absorbed into Dalrymple Shire. In 1930 Ravenswood became the first Queensland town to lose its railway connection. A small revival occurred during the 1930s by applying more modern extraction processes to known sites. This did not make much difference to the life of the town and by the 1960s it had reached its lowest ebb with a population of about 70. At this point, tourists began to take a growing interest in the town, studies were made of the buildings and work began to conserve them. In the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. In 1987 Carpentaria Gold Ltd opened a new open cut mine using modern heap leaching processes. The hotels have helped to maintain an economic life in the town and the Railway Hotel now offers accommodation and recreational facilities for the new miners.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel underwent extensive renovation in 1988. The verandahs were repaired, the building was painted, a hydraulic lift was installed to bring supplies from an old cellar below the footpath, the cold room was removed from a former saloon, the saloon was restored, the front of the old bar was incorporated into a new bar. Furniture throughout the building was restored and the bedrooms were furnished. Further work was done on the building when a grant was made by the Department of Environment in 1996 to allow brick piers to be repaired.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel, on Barton Street opposite the Court House and the site of the railway station, is one of a handful of buildings left from the town of Ravenswood and is set in a mining landscape which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinkee apples and rubber vines.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel is set on a sloping site which falls away towards Elphinstone Creek at the rear. It has three storeys, only two of which can be seen from street level. The "basement" storey, visible from the side and rear, is set on brick piers. The roof is clad with corrugated iron and is concealed by a rendered brick parapet. The building is constructed of exposed red bricks laid in English bond and is U-shaped in plan with accommodation on the top floor and the bar, kitchens and dining room at street level. On the "basement" level are large rooms used for storage and accommodation for the manager&#39;s family.</p><br>
<p>The street elevation has a two storey verandah which continues around the right side of the building. It is supported by paired posts with fretted timber brackets and dowel balustrades on the first floor and wrought iron valances with arched openings at street level. At the side the verandah has dowel balustrading to both levels. French doors open from the rooms onto the verandahs at the side and there are sash windows at the front.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building retains substantial amounts of original fabric including pressed metal ceilings, and some of the original furniture and fittings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel at Ravenswood was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gold mining has been important in the development of North Queensland and the Railway Hotel is one of the few buildings remaining from the once important goldfield town of Ravenswood. As an intact and good quality hotel named for and located near the former railway station, it provides evidence of both the prosperity of the field at the turn of the nineteenth century and of its subsequent decline, illustrating a pattern common on nineteenth century goldfields.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel is important as a good example of a quality hotel of its era in form, layout and interior decoration and has well preserved interior and exterior detail. It has had continuity of usage for almost a hundred years.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Railway Hotel is a fine example of Federation hotel architecture and as a substantial two storey building, one of only two remaining hotels, is a dominant feature in the town.</p><br>
<p>Imperial Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Macrossan Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eaton, Bates & Polin and built in 1901. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Imperial Hotel, a striking two storey brick hotel in the main street of Ravenswood, is one of a handful of buildings which survive from this once important mining town. Constructed in 1901 for James Delaney and run by members of this family for most of the twentieth century, it is evidence of Ravenswood&#39;s prosperity during its boom period. The discovery of several important goldfields in Queensland in the nineteenth century formed a major component in the development of North Queensland. The need to access and exploit gold finds determined the path of railways, the establishment of related industries and commerce and the location of settlements. Some of these were short lived "rushes", where tent and shanty townships disappeared almost as quickly as they rose. Other settlements based on goldfields became established towns with government and civic buildings, shops and family homes and survived as such. A few became important centres, only to fade away as gold yields fell. Ravenswood was one of these.</p><br>
<p>The area was first settled by Europeans following the establishment of Bowen in 1861. Pastoral runs were soon set up in the hinterland, including the area on which the Ravenswood field was to develop. Gold had been found in North Queensland at Star River in 1865 and this triggered further exploration. Gold was found at Merri Merriwa, the run on which the town of Ravenswood stands, in 1867, although it was reported as being on the adjoining property of Ravenswood, the name by which the field was always known. The first claim made was the "Perseverance", later to be known as the "Donnybrook" mine. This has a connection with the Imperial since the success of the mine is said to have provided James Delaney with the capital with which to build the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Much of the gold initially found was in a triangle in and around three dry creeks which soon formed the focus for a tent and shanty settlement. Ravenswood gold was in reefs and a small battery was first set up in 1869, followed by the Lady Marian Mill in 1870. The settlement was also surveyed at this time, but by then the goldfield itself and the buildings and streets already established had shaped the town and the survey merely formalised what was already in place. This can still be seen clearly in the irregularity of the major streets. Ravenswood was gazetted as a town in 1871 and at this time it had 30 hotels and a population of about 1000.</p><br>
<p>It was also beginning to have problems as gold at deeper levels proved to be finely distributed in ore containing other minerals and was difficult to separate either by mechanical or chemical means. This required greater capital to fund various technologies for extraction. Many miners left for other fields, such as Charters Towers, discovered in 1871 and which quickly overtook Ravenswood as a gold producer and as the most important inland North Queensland town. Despite this, Ravenswood continued to prosper due to a steady, though reduced, production of gold, the discovery of silver at nearby Totley in 1878 and as a commercial centre. Shanties were replaced by sawn timber buildings and as single miners left, more families moved in. The stability of the town was assisted by linking of Ravenswood to the Great Northern railway from Townsville to Charters Towers in 1884. In this year the Ravenswood Gold Company was formed and experimented with better means to process local ore. In 1899 the New Ravenswood Company was formed by Archibald Laurence Wilson who raised overseas capital, reopened old mines and used modern methods to rework tailings more efficiently. The shareholders recouped their investment in the first two years and this drew worldwide interest. It was the beginning of Ravenswood&#39;s most prosperous period.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 James Delaney applied for a licence for a new 18 bedroom hotel. He had been the licensee of the Commercial Hotel since 1896 when he married Anne Browne, possibly a connection of the owner of the towns most prominent hostelry, Brownes Ravenswood Hotel. The site purchased by Delaney was separated from Brownes by only 2 shops and he opened his splendid two storey Imperial Hotel in early 1901. On the night of 18 April 1901, the Imperial burned to the ground taking with it the whole block of buildings, with the exception of Brownes hotel, which had been protected by a brick wall. The damage was estimated at £20,000. The wall had possibly been erected as a firewall as both the Ravenswood Hotel and the shops Browne owned alongside it were timber, as were virtually all of the buildings in Ravenswood. Closely built timber structures and the lack of an adequate water supply for fire fighting made it possible for fires to race along a block until reaching a gap which acted as a fire break, a fact underlined by a similar fire on the opposite side of the street only three months later. The owners agreed to use the same architect, Eaton, Bates and Polin, to redesign the whole block and tenders were called in early May 1901. The shops between the Ravenswood and the Imperial were replaced by Brownes Buildings&#39;, Trehearn built a new shop for his former tenant, James Tait & Co. and the bakery and Commercial Hotel, both owned by the Estate of Michael Franzman, were replaced by 3 shops.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood had produced bricks since its early years and a team of bricklayers is thought to have already been on the field, brought in by A.L. Wilson to rebuild mining structures such as chimneys. It is said that bricks were brought in from Townsville, but these may have been the cream face bricks applied in bands as a feature of the new buildings and seen to striking effect on the Imperial, which became the centrepiece of two rows of handsome shops.</p><br>
<p>Delaney died in July 1902 but had already made the hotel over the his wife in 1901. The Delaney&#39;s had four daughters, Mary Ellen (1896), Kathleen (1898), Teresa (1899) and Johanna (1901) who at the time of his death were aged between six years and eleven months. In the early years Mrs Delaney appears to have employed a manager, but in 1906 took over the management herself, pending a proposed transfer of the license. In the event, she continued to run the hotel, assisted by her daughters as they grew up.</p><br>
<p>The population of Ravenswood peaked in 1903 at 4700 but after 1908 the town began to decline. As time went by the cost of extraction grew as returns lessened and Wilson lost money searching for "mother" lodes at deep levels and began to lay off miners. A strike in 1912 dragged out for eight months causing hardship and although judgement eventually favoured the miners, Wilson could no longer afford to employ many of them. The decline of the Ravenswood mines continued with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 increasing costs and disruptions to the labour supply. Buildings began to be sold for removal and in 1916 rail services were cut. In 1917 the New Ravenswood Company closed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s most of the buildings in Ravenswood were moved away, but the Imperial, being a brick building, could not be moved and continued to trade. Ravenswood Shire ceased to exist in 1929 and was absorbed into Dalrymple Shire. In 1930 Ravenswood became the first Queensland town to lose its railway connection. A small revival occurred during the 1930s and a shaft was sunk next to the hotel, but most gold was gained by applying more modern extraction processes to known sites. This did not make much difference to the life of the town and by the 1960s it had reached its lowest ebb with a population of about 70. At this point, tourists began to take an interest in the town, studies were made of the buildings and work began to conserve them. In the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. In 1987 Carpentaria Gold Ltd opened a new open cut mine using modern heap leaching processes.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the difficult times in Ravenswood, the hotel continued to trade. Anne Delaney died in 1968 and the hotel was then run by Teresa (Tessa) who died in 1980 and Jo who died in 1989. The hotel then passed to Mary (Maisie), the only married daughter, and her three daughters, Kathleen having died early. In 1994 it was sold to local owners and still operates as a hotel. Ravenswood&#39;s two hotels have helped to maintain an economic life in the town and continue to offer accommodation and recreational facilities.</p><br>
<p>The buildings which flanked the hotel have been demolished, the last bay of Browne&#39;s Buildings within recent years, so the hotel now stands alone. The new owners have redecorated some of the bedrooms on the first floor and have removed some of the dining room furniture into storage to create a pool room at the front of the hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Imperial Hotel is located on Macrossan Street, in the town centre, one of just a few buildings in a landscape of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst chinee apple trees and rubber vines. To the rear is Buchanan&#39;s Creek, one of those which formed the centre of the field. Originally, there was a laneway to the south of the hotel and this side and the front have elaborate two storey verandahs. In contrast, the northern side is very plain, evidence that another building once adjoined it.</p><br>
<p>It is a symmetrical two storey building with a U-shaped plan constructed of exposed red brick laid in English bond and decorated with horizontal bands of cream brick at the front. The corrugated iron roof is concealed by a high parapet with a central arched pediment and six flanking spires. The verandah to the street has a corrugated iron roof and is supported by paired posts with fretted timber brackets to the upper storey and a timber valance with arched openings on the ground floor. The upper verandah has panels of cast iron balustrading. The verandah on the side elevation is not connected to this and is to the upper floor only. It has dowel balustrading. There are two front entrances, one to the bar and one to the central hallway. On the upper floor French doors open out from bedrooms on to the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The building retains almost all of its original fabric and the interior layout is typical of nineteenth century hotels. It is exceptionally intact down to furniture, fittings and minor items of hotel equipment. The ground floor contains the bars, dining room and furniture and fittings, a billiard room and table, kitchen, store rooms and office. Features include an elaborately constructed and decorated bar with cedar and glass fittings, beer engines and ceramic taps.</p><br>
<p>A narrow, open court yard extends between the two wings of the building with ground floor toilets at the rear of the kitchen wing. Bedrooms are located on the first floor along with bathroom and toilet facilities. Upstairs the building contains much of its original furniture and fittings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Imperial Hotel in Ravenswood was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gold mining has been important in the development of North Queensland and the Imperial Hotel is one of the few buildings remaining from the once important goldfield town of Ravenswood. As an intact and good quality commercial building in what was once the heart of this town, it provides evidence of both the prosperity of the field at the turn of the nineteenth century and of its subsequent decline, illustrating a pattern common on nineteenth century goldfields. The Imperial Hotel has a strong association with James Delaney and with female members of the Delaney family who conducted the hotel for over 90 years.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Imperial Hotel is rare because of the intactness of the building itself and of its interiors, particularly that of the bar, which is not only a fine example of its type, but remains virtually unchanged, highly unusual in a type of building in which constant change and refurbishment is common.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Because of the preservation of room layout and usage, fittings and furniture, the Imperial Hotel has the potential to yield information that will contribute to our understanding of the operation of a hotel of the Federation era.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Imperial Hotel is important as a good representation of a quality hotel of its era in general form and layout; however, its style and decoration, both inside and out, transcend the typical.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Imperial is a fine and exuberant example of Federation hotel architecture and as a substantial two storey building, one of two remaining hotels, is a dominant feature in the town. It is generally the building most admired and photographed by visitors to Ravenswood.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood Post Office is a heritage-listed post office at Macrossan Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1885 by the Queensland Public Works Department. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ravenswood Post Office was constructed in 1885 on the corner of Macrossan and Raven Streets, replacing an earlier Post and Telegraph Office which had been in use since 1873.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood was one of several important goldfields which formed a major component in the development of North Queensland. The need to access and exploit gold finds determined the path of railways, the establishment of related industries and commerce and the location of settlements. Some of these were short lived "rushes", where tent and shanty townships disappeared almost as quickly as they rose. Other settlements based on goldfields became established towns with government and civic buildings, shops and family homes and survived as such. A few became important centres, only to fade away as gold yields fell. Ravenswood was one of these.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at Ravenswood in 1868 a few years after pastoral settlement of the area had begun. Ravenswood gold was in reefs and a small battery was first set up in 1869, followed by the Lady Marian Mill in 1870. The settlement was also surveyed at this time, but by then the goldfield itself, and the buildings and streets already established had shaped the town and the survey merely formalised what was already in place. This can still be seen clearly in the irregularity of the major streets. Ravenswood was gazetted as a town in 1871 and such public buildings as a courthouse, a school and a Post Office and Telegraph Station were constructed within the first few years. However, miners began to encounter problems as the gold at deeper levels proved to be finely distributed in ore containing other minerals and was difficult to separate either by mechanical or chemical means. This required greater capital to fund various technologies for extraction. Many miners left for other fields, such as Charters Towers, discovered in 1871 and which quickly overtook Ravenswood as a gold producer and as the most important inland North Queensland town.</p><br>
<p>Even so, the town continued to prosper, supported by a steady, though reduced, production of gold, the discovery of silver at nearby Totley in 1878 and as a commercial centre. As single miners left, more families moved in and sawn timber buildings replaced the tents and shanties of the early field. The economy of the town was also assisted by the arrival of the railway in 1884 and the use of improved means to extract gold from Ravenswood ore. Several key public buildings were replaced in the 1880s, possibly as a government initiative to encourage the development of the town. In 1882 a new Court House and Police Station were built and a new hospital in 1887. The 1873 Post Office was replaced by the current building in 1885.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the New Ravenswood Company was formed by Archibald Laurence Wilson who raised overseas capital, reopened old mines and used modern methods to rework tailings more efficiently. The shareholders recouped their investment in the first two years and this drew world-wide interest. It was the beginning of Ravenswood&#39;s most prosperous period, which lasted for several years. However, after 1908, the cost of extraction and continued exploration grew as returns lessened and after the end of World War I, it became apparent that it would not pick up again. In 1916 rail services were cut and in 1917 the New Ravenswood Company closed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, buildings as well as people left Ravenswood, as timber buildings were relocated in other towns. There was a small revival in the 1930s and early 1940s as new technology allowed for economical mining of lower grade ores. Ownership of the Post Office passed from the Australian Government into private hands in 1951, when Frank and Dorothy Weinheimer purchased the building and continued to run it as a post office. However, by the 1960s, the population fell to 70. This was to be its lowest level, as tourists began to take an interest in the town, studies were made of the buildings and work began to conserve them The Post Office was purchased by Warren and Fay Crow in 1975 and to the present owners in 1985. In the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. In 1987 Carpentaria Gold Ltd opened a new open cut mine using modern heap leaching processes.</p><br>
<p>Throughout Ravenswood&#39;s ups and downs, it has continued to provide some government and recreational services to the surrounding community. Postal services have been provided from this site since 1873, and from the current building since 1885. It now also run as a small mixed business selling groceries, fruit and vegetables and other small items is run from the building in conjunction with the postal services. The owners occupy the residence at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Post Office and Residence are located at the corner of Raven and Macrossan Streets, close to the bridge over Elphinstone Creek. The town is located in a mining landscape which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive "chinkee apple" trees and rubber vine.</p><br>
<p>The Post office is a single storey timber building with an exposed stud frame, set on low stumps. It has a hipped, corrugated iron roof and is surrounded on three sides with verandahs supported on paired timber posts. The verandahs have diagonal timber balustrading and a cast iron valance. That on the right hand side is partially enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The front verandah and entrance to the Post Office and store are reached by steps up to a classically inspired central entrance formed of a triangular timber pediment supported by square timber pillars. The imposing effect created by this entrance is somewhat diminished by the presence of three petrol bowsers in front of the stairs.</p><br>
<p>The residence at the rear of the Post Office is built of similar materials. It is surrounded by verandahs, has a pyramid roof of corrugated iron and is connected to the Post Office by a short walkway.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Ravenswood Post Office was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood is one of the earliest sites associated with major gold mining in North Queensland that gave significant impetus to the economic and social development of the region. The state&#39;s encouragement for such growth was demonstrated by the establishment of supporting public infrastructure such as Post and Telegraph Offices. The services so provided were vital in the establishment of isolated towns, particularly when they also had important resources, as Ravenswood did.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are good examples of their type, being erected according to architectural types developed at this time by the Public Works Department, which was instrumental in improving the quality of building design and construction in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Post Office is well designed and distinctive as an important public building in the town. Its position with a frontage to both Raven and Macrossan Streets makes it a significant feature in the townscape of Ravenswood.</p><br>
<p>Cake Shop is a heritage-listed shop at Macrossan Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in the 1880s. It is also known as Jun Yeung Wong & Company and The Pie Shop. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cake Shop is located on the western side of Macrossan Street near the School of Arts. It is thought to have been built in the 1880s and may have been first used by Jun Yeung Wong and Company as a store and an outlet for garden produce. It has had a variety of tenants over the years and is best remembered by people in the district as a cake or pie shop.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood was one of several important goldfields which formed a major component in the development of North Queensland. The need to access and exploit gold finds determined the path of railways, the establishment of related industries and commerce and the location of settlements. Some of these were short lived "rushes", where tent and shanty townships disappeared almost as quickly as they rose. Other settlements based on goldfields became established towns with government and civic buildings, shops and family homes and survived as such. A few became important centres, only to fade away as gold yields fell. Ravenswood was one of these.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at Ravenswood in 1868, a few years after pastoral settlement of the area had begun. Ravenswood gold was in reefs and a small battery was first set up in 1869, followed by the Lady Marian Mill in 1870. The settlement was also surveyed at this time, but by then the goldfield itself, and the buildings and streets already established had shaped the town and the survey merely formalised what was already in place. This can still be seen clearly in the irregularity of the major streets. Ravenswood was gazetted as a town in 1871, but problems were soon encountered as the gold at deeper levels proved to be finely distributed in ore containing other minerals and was difficult to separate either by mechanical or chemical means. This required greater capital to fund various technologies for extraction. Many miners left for other fields, such as Charters Towers, discovered in 1871 and which quickly overtook Ravenswood as a gold producer and as the most important inland North Queensland town.</p><br>
<p>Despite this, Ravenswood continued to prosper due to a steady, though reduced, production of gold, the discovery of silver at nearby Totley in 1878 and as a commercial centre. By 1874, the town had a courthouse and police station, a post and telegraph office, and a school. The stability of the town was also assisted by the arrival of the railway in 1884 and the use of improved means to extract gold from ore. A new generation of public buildings began to replace those from the early days of the field.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 the land on which the shop stands was subdivided from the block granted to Ebenezer Roberts the previous year and was purchased by Frederick Wise. Wise kept a store and was Vice President of the School of Arts. An early resident of Ravenswood remembered the store as having being used by the Chinese as a general store, produce outlet and a gold exchange during the "rush" years, although this may have simply taken the form of accepting payment for goods in gold. The name Jun Yeung Wong and Company was faintly visible on the front of the store until the 1960s, although it is not recorded in post office directories. Ravenswood had a significant minority of Chinese amongst its population in the nineteenth century, although, as with other goldfields, there is now little evidence of their presence.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 the property the property was acquired by Daniel Patience, apparently as an investment, but run by a Mrs Watson as a cordial shop and manufactory as an adjunct to James Watson&#39;s aerated waters factory until 1918. By this time Ravenswood was in serious decline, after having enjoyed a boom between 1900 and 1908 due to more modern techniques being applied to ore processing. However, the cost of extraction and continued exploration rose as returns fell and after the end of the war it became apparent that it would not pick up again. In 1918 the shop was sold to the Kluver family. Herbert Kluver was a carrier and his wife ran the shop as refreshment rooms. In the 1920s, buildings as well as people left Ravenswood, as timber buildings were relocated in other towns.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 the shop was bought by Ethel Wadsworth who ran refreshment rooms throughout the small revival of the 1930s and early 1940s as new technology allowed for economical mining of lower grade ores, but closed in 1947. It was grandly called a restaurant in its closing years but seems to have been actually a cake and pie shop that provided table service for customers. This is the use best remembered by local people. It may have been empty for a while before being sold to Gertrude Blackman in 1952. Its use during that time is not known but by then there were very few businesses in town and its use as a residence is remembered locally. It was purchased by the owners of Ravenswood station in 1966 and was used at one time to store fodder. During this period the population of Ravenswood fell to 70. This was to be its lowest level, because tourists began to take an interest in the town, studies were made of the buildings and work began to conserve them. In the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. In 1987 Carpentaria Gold Ltd opened a new open cut mine using modern heap leaching processes.</p><br>
<p>The present owner purchased the cake shop in 1986, but in 1989 it was severely damaged by two cyclones. A grant from the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage in 1991, together with assistance from the Dalrymple Shire Council, allowed the store to be repaired and the store front to be reconstructed reusing original materials where possible. In 1993 the rear of the shop and an attached residence were demolished.</p><br>
<p>A gift, craft and cake shop was opened in the building after renovations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Cake Shop is located on the western side of Macrossan Street near to the School of Arts and within the town centre of Ravenswood. The town is located in a mining landscape, which consists of disturbed ground scattered with ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinkee apples and rubber vines.</p><br>
<p>The shop is a modest single storey, timber framed building set on low stumps. It is rectangular in plan and with its long axis at right angles to the street. The gabled roof and outside walls are sheeted with corrugated galvanised iron. The shopfront is clad with sawn boards and shaded by a corrugated iron skillion awning supported by plain timber posts over the footpath. Above the awning the gable is clad with sheet metal panels. The central front entrance is flanked by large shop windows with display alcoves behind. The interior has a timber floor and is largely unlined.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Cake Shop in Ravenswood was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood is one of the earliest sites associated with major gold mining in North Queensland which gave significant impetus to the economic and social development of the region. The Cake Shop reflects this economic and social development through its role as a commercial building in the centre of the Ravenswood business district.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Although as a modest timber and iron commercial building it is now a rarity in Ravenswood, it is important as a representative example of a type of building once common in the town and as such provides some perspective for the other remaining buildings, such as the hotels, which are far more grand.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As one of a handful of buildings remaining from the peak years of Ravenswood, set amongst a mining landscape of mullock heaps, abandoned mines and equipment, the shop makes an important visual contribution to the town.</p><br>
<p>Hurstville Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located north of Maquoketa, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. All that remains are the four kilns, and an old warehouse. Both the townsite, which was across the road and to the southwest, and the farmstead, which was behind the kilns to the south, are gone. Also gone are the remaining company buildings, with the exception of the old warehouse, which were across the road to the west. The houses in the townsite were side-gable cottages. Many lacked indoor plumbing into the 1970s and were vacant. The farmstead included 20 structures devoted to domestic or agricultural use. Two large barns were the most notable structures. The farm served the needs of the town. The most significant structures in the district were the lime kilns.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hurstville was an industrial complex and a company town. It was a major lime supplier in the state of Iowa for masonry building and bridge construction in the Midwest. The property included timber, which was used in the kilns. Hurst organized the Maquoketa and Hurstville Railroad in 1888 to ship the burned lime instead of hauling it by wagon. The limestone was quarried to the east of the kilns across the North Fork of the Maquoketa River. It was brought to the kilns by way of a narrow-gauge railway. A bridge, which collapsed into the river in the 1970s, was built over the river around 1900. By the 1920s the increased use of Portland cement by the construction industry affected the lime industry. The last time all four kilns were used at the same time was 1920, and the kilns were shut down in 1930 when William Hurst, Alfred&#39;s son, died.</p><br>
<p>The Hurstville Land and Development Company bought the town and 500 acre of land in 1979. The kilns were restored by the Jackson County Historical Society in the 1980s. The Jackson County Conservation Board operates an interpretive center near the kilns. It is part of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood School of Arts is a heritage-listed school of arts at Macrossan Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1884. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The School of Arts building is a timber hall, built in 1884 beside a former School of Arts structure then used as a library. It became the principal theatre, cinema, and social venue of Ravenswood and continued a series of facilities provided to the community of Ravenswood since 1872.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood was one of several important goldfields in which formed a major component in the development of North Queensland. The need to access and exploit gold finds determined the path of railways, the establishment of related industries and commerce and the location of settlements. Some of these were short lived "rushes", where tent and shanty townships disappeared almost as quickly as they rose. Other settlements based on goldfields became established towns with government and civic buildings, shops and family homes and survived as such. A few became important centres, only to fade away as gold yields fell. Ravenswood was one of these.</p><br>
<p>The area was first settled by Europeans following the establishment of Bowen in 1861. Pastoral runs were soon set up in the hinterland, including the area on which the Ravenswood field was to develop. The first gold in North Queensland had been found at Star River in 1865 and triggered further exploration. Gold was found at Merri Merriwa, the run on which the town of Ravenswood stands, in 1867, although it was reported as being on the adjoining property of Ravenswood, the name by which the field was always known.</p><br>
<p>Much of the gold initially found was in a triangle in and around three dry creeks which soon formed the focus for a tent and shanty settlement. Ravenswood gold was in reefs and a small battery was first set up in 1869, followed by the Lady Marian Mill in 1870. The settlement was also surveyed at this time, but by then the goldfield itself, and the buildings and streets already established, had shaped the town and the survey merely formalised what was already in place. This can still be seen clearly in the irregularity of the major streets. Ravenswood was gazetted as a town in 1871.</p><br>
<p>It was soon found that the gold at deeper levels was finely distributed in ore containing other minerals and was difficult to separate either by mechanical or chemical means. This required greater capital to fund various technologies for extraction. Many miners left for other fields, such as Charters Towers, discovered in 1871 and which quickly overtook Ravenswood as a gold producer and as the most important inland North Queensland town. Even so, Ravenswood continued to prosper due to a steady, though reduced, production of gold, the discovery of silver at nearby Totley in 1878 and as a commercial centre. By 1874, the town had a courthouse and police station, a post and telegraph office, a hospital and a school. In 1872, the first small School of Arts was formed, providing a lending library, newspapers and a meeting place for its members and in 1875 a separate library building was constructed beside it.</p><br>
<p>The first Mechanic&#39;s Institutes or Schools of Arts were established in Britain in the early 1800s and were intended to assist self-improvement and to promote moral, social and intellectual growth, by providing lectures, discussions and lending libraries to a rising middle class. At the time there were no public libraries and books were expensive, so that access to books by borrowing as subscribers provided an important educational and recreational service. The first School of Arts committee in Queensland was established in Brisbane in 1849 with the aim of "the advancement of the community in literary, philosophic and scientific subjects". As towns and districts became established, local committees were formed to establish schools of arts and they became one of the principal sources of adult education.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswoods economy received a boost in the mid 1880s by the arrival of the railway in 1884 and the use of improved means to extract gold from ore. A new generation of public buildings began to replace those from the early days of the field, including a police station and courthouse, post office and hospital. In 1884, the current hall was built beside the library, presumably replacing the first small hall. In the late nineteenth century Schools of Arts expanded their aims to include the promotion of games of skill and intellectual amusements. The new hall provided the facilities for the staging of plays and concerts and became a focal point of entertainment for townspeople. It was used as a meeting hall, dance hall and a live theatre. An amateur dramatic society staged annual productions and a School concert and St Patricks Day concert were annual events. In 1899, the New Ravenswood Company was formed by Archibald Laurence Wilson who raised overseas capital, reopened old mines and used modern methods to rework tailings more efficiently. The shareholders recouped their investment in the first two years and this drew world-wide interest. It was the beginning of Ravenswood&#39;s most prosperous period, which lasted for several years. However, after 1908, the cost of extraction and continued exploration grew as returns lessened and after the end of World War I, it became apparent that it would not pick up again. In 1916 rail services were cut and in 1917 the New Ravenswood Company closed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, buildings as well as people left Ravenswood, as timber buildings were relocated in other towns. There was a small revival in the 1930s and early 1940s as new technology allowed for economical mining of lower grade ores. However, by the 1960s, the population fell to 70. This was to be its lowest level, as tourists began to take an interest in the town, studies were made of the buildings and work began to conserve them. In the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. In 1987 Carpentaria Gold Ltd opened a new open cut mine using modern heap leaching processes.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 Cyclone Aivu damaged the facade of the hall and caused the complete collapse of the library. This building was propped by the community, but eventually demolished in 1992 as it was thought unsafe. The hall was repaired and the front reconstructed to resemble its original appearance. In 1990 the Dalrymple Shire Council and Carpentaria Gold financed extensive renovations to the hall. Its official opening took place on Sunday 29 September 1991, since when it has again become a focus for community activities and celebrations including the "Back To Ravenswood Weekend" held each year.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The School of Arts is located on Macrossan Street, the main street of Ravenswood. It is on the edge of the town&#39;s commercial centre and close to the Imperial Hotel. Ravenswood is located in a mining landscape which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinkee apples and rubber vines.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts is a single storey, rectangular timber building set on low concrete stumps. It is rectangular in plan with its long axis at right angles to the street and has a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron. The sides and back have an exposed stud frame but the front is weatherboard clad. The facade is symmetrical and divided into bays by pilasters. The arched parapet is echoed by the arched heads of the central front door and the double hung windows which flank it.</p><br>
<p>The interior features a large open space and a stage. The stage curtain has been preserved and is decorated with painted advertisements for local businesses dating from around the turn of the century, reflecting its use as a community building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ravenswood School of Arts was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Ravenswood School of Arts is important as an element in the network of Schools of Arts which sprang up in any town of consequence in Queensland during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were community based and played a valuable educational and social role in the dissemination of information and the provision of facilities for lectures, meetings, games of skill and the staging of community events such as plays and concerts.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of a School of Arts hall with a classically influenced facade and the provision of facilities for public events.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is a significant as part of the townscape of Ravenswood because of its location within a group of other public and commercial buildings, close to the town centre.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The painted stage curtain carrying advertisements for local firms around the turn of the century reflects its importance as a building used by the community.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts is important for its connection with the community of Ravenswood as an integral part of the social and community life of the town.</p><br>
<p>Dove Bay  is a bay in King Frederick VIII Land, northeastern Greenland. It is part of the Northeast Greenland National Park area.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The bay is said to have been the legendary Breidifjòrdr of the Sagas of Icelanders.</p><br>
<p>It was named Dove Bai by the Second German North Polar Expedition led by Carl Koldewey after German physicist and meteorologist Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (1803–79).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Dove Bay is a large bay located between Germania Land to the north, a complex cluster of coastal islands to the west, Store Koldewey to the east and Adolf S. Jensen Land to the southwest. Besides Store Koldewey, there are numerous islands in the periphery of the bay such as Edward Island, Godfred Hansen Island and Lindhard Island. There are also fjords, such as the Mørkefjord, having their mouth in the bay. To the south, the bay opens to the Greenland Sea through the Storebaelt (Store Bælt) strait.</p><br>
<p>The Danmarkshavn weather station is located north of the bay on the southern shore of the Germania Land Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood School and Residence is a heritage-listed state school and house at School Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1873 to 1897. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school and residence are components of an educational facility that has served Ravenswood since 1873. The existing early building at Ravenswood School is an 1880s extension of the original school built in 1873 and the residence dates from 1873 with extensions made over the years to accommodate changing needs.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at Ravenswood in 1868, a few years after pastoral settlement of the area had begun. A tent settlement quickly sprang up and was surveyed in 1870 and gazetted as a town in 1871. Although many miners left for other fields when it was found that the gold at deeper levels was difficult to separate from the ore body, Ravenswood continued to prosper and more families moved into the town as it developed. The need for a school was soon apparent.</p><br>
<p>At Separation of Queensland from New South Wales at the end of 1859, two National (government) Schools existed in the new colony. In 1860, the Primary Education Act was passed, introducing a comprehensive system of State schools alongside a minimal provision for church schools. A Board of General Education was set up to administer annual grants, assist in building vested schools, and provide teachers. A few National Schools were built under this system, though the financial crisis in 1886 slowed up the project. However, Queensland was the first colony to provide free primary education from January 1870. A Royal Commission on Education in Queensland was set up in 1874 and resulted in a State Education Act which took effect from 1 January 1876 and provided for a Department of Public Instruction under a minister and a system of State primary schools.</p><br>
<p>In 1872 a Ravenswood School Committee was formed and tenders were called for the construction of a school to meet the needs of the growing community. The government provided a teacher and books, but expected communities with more than 30 potential pupils to put up a third of the school costs. The Committee raised £306/18/- and covered the interim period by holding classes in the old "Emerald Isle Hotel" purchased for the modest sum of £18.</p><br>
<p>After considerable disagreement between the committee and the Board of Education regarding the cost and suitability of plans provided by each, the school and residence were erected in 1873 and opened in January 1874 as a double classroom school with an enrolment of 70. As the school was constructed prior to the passage of the Queensland State Education Act it was known as the National School of Ravenswood.</p><br>
<p>The school was initially within a school reserve of 2 acres and 22 perches of Crown Land, however, in 1875 the Ravenswood Divisional Board applied to the Minister for Works and Mines for a further grant of land in anticipation of continuing growth and the need to provide for a future girls&#39; school. In 1887 the north corner of the school reserve was cut off by the Mines Department for street purposes and over the next forty years the boundaries fluctuated, echoing the booms and depression period experienced by Ravenswood.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood&#39;s economy received a boost in the mid 1880s by the arrival of the Great Northern railway in 1884 and the use of improved means to extract gold from ore. A new generation of public buildings began to replace those from the early days of the field, including a police station and courthouse, post office and hospital. In 1889, the school reached its peak enrolment of almost 400 children. It was extended according to standard plans and by 1905 had 8 classrooms and a gymnasium. Ravenswood enjoyed a boom between 1900 and 1908 as more modern techniques were applied to ore processing. However, the cost of extraction and continued exploration rose as returns fell and after the end of the First World War it became apparent that the field would not pick up again. In the 1920s buildings as well as people moved away from Ravenswood and were relocated to other towns. In 1929 enrolment in the school fell to below 100 and in 1930, Ravenswood became the first town in Queensland to lose its rail connection.</p><br>
<p>As the population declined the extensions were extensions were progressively removed although the foundations of extensions are still visible. The school is now growing again and has a new classroom block and other facilities.</p><br>
<p>The school residence is the oldest building in Ravenswood and is thought to be the oldest surviving house in a North Queensland town. Because of its age, the residence predates the standardisation of design which strongly influenced domestic building throughout Queensland; the use of an exposed frame, for example, which was to become prevalent in North Queensland a decade later. The extensions to the residence and the reasons for each extension are fully documented. It remains today almost as it was on completion of the last extension in 1897 and is a catalogue of identifiable nineteen century builders&#39; techniques from 1873 to 1897.</p><br>
<p>It was constructed originally as a lowset timber framed house of four rooms under a transverse gabled roof with an internal fireplace for cooking. The walls were clad externally with weatherboards but the interior was unlined. No separate kitchen was constructed and although it is believed that the first teacher appointed ate at a hotel, not an uncommon arrangement where a teacher was a single man, the design was more appropriate to a southern climate. The house was also constructed with only a front verandah, though after a complaint from the secretary of the local committee, a verandah was added to the rear later in 1874. On the appointment in 1877 of a teacher with a large family, a separate kitchen was requested on the grounds that "...this climate does not admit of cooking being done in the midst of sleeping apartments" A building from another site, described as "an old weatherboarded house, shingle roofed", was then attached to the house by a covered way. At some time a section of the rear verandah was enclosed to form a servant&#39;s room, possibly at the same time as the addition of the kitchen.</p><br>
<p>The ceilings of the core section of the house were lined in 1883 and repairs made to storm damage in 1880 and 1884, the brick chimney being demolished following the severe storm of 1884 and not rebuilt, but no major changes were made until 1887 when the old kitchen was replaced by a new structure with a covered way and brick fireplace, the rear verandah room was moved to the other side of the building, a window was cut into the southeast bedroom wall and the core walls were lined internally with tongue-and-groove boards. Hans Thomsen and John Thomas, Ravenswood builders, carried out the alterations.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 the then head teacher requested "more suitable and worthy accommodation", which reflects the general upgrading of public buildings in Ravenswood during the 1880s and the peak enrolment for that year of 390. The department responded by adding an asymmetrical extension to the front of the house, demolishing the front verandah and constructing an almost square living room with verandahs along the front and one side.</p><br>
<p>The last extension was made in 1897, when a whole side of the residence was extended by eight feet to the north-east including a verandah on the third side of the living room. The verandahs were ceiled at that time. The house has since been altered only by the arrangement of some internal partitions and partial enclosure of the rear verandah. Externally it remains the same as it was in 1897 and is still used as a teacher&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ravenswood School and Residence are located on School Street in a prominent position overlooking the town. Ravenswood is situated in a mining landscape which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinkee apple trees and rubber vines.</p><br>
<p>The school is a single storey, rectangular building with its main axis to the street. It has a timber frame clad with weatherboards and is raised on high concrete stumps to create a shaded space underneath. The steeply pitched gabled roof is clad in corrugated iron extending to a skillion roofed verandah at the front and a rear enclosed verandah. The verandahs are supported on timber posts and have timber balustrading.</p><br>
<p>The residence is a single storey, rectangular house with its main axis to the street. It is timber framed, set on low stumps and clad in weatherboards. Its form is unusual as a result of repated extensions and it has open verandahs with horizontal balustrades on two sides. The roof is steeply pitched and is multi-gabled and clad with corrugated iron.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ravenswood School and Residence was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The school complex is important as an example of an early school in a remote area, demonstrating the importance placed by government not only on education, but on the contribution made to the economy of the colony by such mining towns as Ravenswood. Its construction, extension and following reduction accurately reflect changes to the size and composition of the population and therefore the development and decline of Ravenswood as a goldfield and township.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Ravenswood School residence, constructed in 1873, is important as the oldest known residential building in a North Queensland town and its plan, roof form and construction details pre-date the standardised forms of later North Queensland houses. It is also the only one of the first government buildings erected on the field to survive.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Because of their age and the fact that change has been well documented, the buildings, particularly the residence, have the potential to yield information regarding early building techniques and the way in which houses were extended to meet changing needs during the nineteenth and 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Ravenswood school is important as a good representative example of a school of its era and has had long continuity of use. The residence provides an excellent example of the way in which basic houses were enlarged in the Queensland tradition.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The School is important for its connection with the community in and around Ravenswood as a provider of public education for several generations.</p><br>
<p>Thorps Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at Macrossan Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Burns & Fritz Hardware, Hollimans Limited, and Thorp&#39;s Goldfield Tearooms. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thorp&#39;s Buildings was constructed about 1903 for Sydney Hood Thorp, a mining agent and sharebroker who had a substantial business interest in both the Ravenswood and Charters Towers goldfields. It housed businesses which supplied miners with everything from household goods to mining machinery and is the only two storey shop still standing in Ravenswood.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood was one of several important goldfields which formed a major component in the development of North Queensland. The need to access and exploit gold finds determined the path of railways, the establishment of related industries and commerce and the location of settlements. Some of these were short lived "rushes", where tent and shanty townships disappeared almost as quickly as they rose. Other settlements based on goldfields became established towns with government and civic buildings, shops and family homes and survived as such. A few became important centres, only to fade away as gold yields fell. Ravenswood was one of these.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at Ravenswood in 1868, a few years after pastoral settlement of the area had begun. Ravenswood gold was in reefs and a small battery was first set up in 1869, followed by the Lady Marian Mill in 1870. The settlement was also surveyed at this time, but by then the goldfield itself, and the buildings and streets already established had shaped the town and the survey merely formalised what was already in place. This can still be seen clearly in the irregularity of the major streets. Ravenswood was gazetted as a town in 1871, but problems were soon encountered as the gold at deeper levels proved to be finely distributed in ore containing other minerals and was difficult to separate either by mechanical or chemical means. This required greater capital to fund various technologies for extraction. Many miners left for other fields, such as Charters Towers, discovered in 1871 and which quickly overtook Ravenswood as a gold producer and as the most important inland North Queensland town.</p><br>
<p>Despite this, Ravenswood continued to prosper due to a steady, though reduced, production of gold, the discovery of silver at nearby Totley in 1878 and as a commercial centre. By 1874, the town had a courthouse and police station, a post and telegraph office, and a school. The stability of the town was also assisted by the arrival of the railway in 1884 and the use of improved means to extract gold from ore. A new generation of public buildings began to replace those from the early days of the field.</p><br>
<p>The land on which Thorp&#39;s Buildings stands was purchased in 1881 by Ah Pong, although the first person recorded as trading from the site was Martin Braby who acquired the property in 1885. Initially a draper, he went on to become a commission and insurance agent also. In 1894 the property was purchased by Robert Stewart and James Clark and was probably leased out by them as commercial premises.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the New Ravenswood Company was formed by Archibald Laurence Wilson who raised overseas capital, reopened old mines and used modern methods to rework tailings more efficiently. The shareholders recouped their investment in the first two years and this drew world-wide interest. It was the beginning of Ravenswood&#39;s most prosperous period, which lasted for several years.</p><br>
<p>Sydney Hood Thorpe was a sharebroker and mining agent based in Charters Towers, who had established a mining exchange there in 1887. In 1900 he set up a branch business in Ravenswood, trading as Thorp&#39;s Mining Exchange from a building in Barton Street which also housed a chemist and law library. This building was destroyed by fire in August 1901, a year of both destruction and construction in Ravenswood as the New Ravenswood Company rebuilt mining infrastructure, business improved and new commercial buildings went up following two large fires which destroyed whole blocks of the commercial area. Following the first of these in April, the Imperial Hotel and two adjoining rows of elegant shops were constructed in Macrossan Street, next to the Ravenswood Hotel. In 1902, Thorp purchased land opposite these new buildings. It is not known if Thorp ever conducted business from this address himself.</p><br>
<p>He was a shareholder in Hollimans Limited, a company that had been established in Charters Towers for some time, supplying the mining industry with household goods, guns and sporting equipment, as well as being agents for such mining essentials as steam engines, pumps, conveyors, compressors and parts for stamper batteries. They were also estate and commission agents. They opened a branch in Thorps building in 1903 and it may have been constructed with this tenancy in mind, although they did not actually own the building until 1920. Hollimans at Ravenswood were "machinery, hardware and timber merchants" who carried a large stock of new and second hand mining machinery and spares as well as furniture and ironmongery. Thorps Buildings also had other tenants, including a dentist, and the upper floor may have been used as offices.</p><br>
<p>The mining boom at Ravenswood did not last and ironically, by the time Hollimans moved into the store, the population had peaked. After 1908 the cost of extraction and continued exploration rose as returns fell and by World War I it became apparent that returns would not pick up again. Buildings began to be sold for removal and in 1916 rail services were cut. In 1917 the New Ravenswood Company closed. In the 1920s most of the timber buildings in Ravenswood were moved away, although brick buildings, such Thorp&#39;s Buildings could not be moved.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood Shire was absorbed into Dalrymple Shire in 1929 and in 1930 Ravenswood became the first Queensland town to lose its railway connection. Mining had a modest revival in the 1930s and in 1932 Robert Burns, previously a manager of Hollimans, leased the building in conjunction with a partner, John Fritz. They operated as Burns & Fritz Hardware also selling groceries and eventually purchased the building from Hollimans in 1948. In 1957, following the death of Fritz, the building was sold to Frank and Blanche Weinheimer. By the 1960s Ravenswood had reached its lowest ebb with a population of about 70. At this point, tourists began to take a growing interest in the town, studies were made of the buildings and work began to conserve them.</p><br>
<p>In 1973 the building was acquired by Sidney and Isabel Kelly but had been vacant for some time before being purchased in 1987 and renovated as an arts centre by Trevor and Pamela Nance. In the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. In 1987 Carpentaria Gold Ltd opened a new open cut mine using modern heap leaching processes.</p><br>
<p>In 1989 Thorp&#39;s Buildings was sold to the current owners who opened a tearoom in the building, using the adjoining shop to sell arts and crafts. The upper floor was used for residential purposes. Though the shop is currently vacant, the owner still lives on the premises.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Thorp&#39;s Building is located in the main street of Ravenswood opposite the Imperial Hotel and adjacent to a single storey shop of approximately the same age. Ravenswood is located in a mining landscape which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinkee apple trees and rubber vines.</p><br>
<p>The building is a two storey rendered brick building with a corrugated iron skillion roof falling to the rear which is concealed by a parapet bearing the name Thorp&#39;s Buildings in raised letters. It consists of two shops at ground level with professional offices above. The front of the building has verandahs to both floors, supported by paired timber posts with cast iron lace brackets and valance and cast iron panels on the upper floor. The upper floor has four sets of French doors opening on to the verandah.</p><br>
<p>A central entrance with iron gates leads to a passage and stairs to the first floor. There are shop entrances on either side of this entrance with recessed timber doors and timber framed plate glass display windows. The interior of the shops are relatively intact, including the pressed metal ceilings and wall cladding. The building has its own gas producer and still has gas piping and fittings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Thorps Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood is one of the earliest sites associated with major gold mining in North Queensland which gave significant impetus to the economic and social development of the region. Thorp&#39;s Buildings, as a substantial commercial building intended to stock essential supplies for miners and mining and to compete in quality with other commercial buildings being constructed in Ravenswood in the 1900s, demonstrates this development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Thorp&#39;s Buildings is the now the two storey store from a commercial centre which, in the early 1900s, featured a line of handsome and fashionable stores on either side of southern Macrossan street. In its form, layout and decoration it is a good example of a quality commercial building of the Federation era. Its original usage, as a provider of everything from household goods to mining machinery, accurately reflects the needs of a mining community at this time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Thorp&#39;s Buildings, forming a group with the adjacent single storey shop, is an attractive group which is an important and dominant feature of the Ravenswood townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Thorp&#39;s Buildings is important for its association with Sydney Hood Thorp, a sharebroker and mining agent who played an important role in the economy of the Ravenswood goldfield. It also had a long association with Robert Daniel Burns, first as manager of Hollimans and then as part owner of Burns & Fritz.</p><br>
<p>Shop adjacent to Thorps Building is a heritage-listed shop at Macrossan Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Macrossan Street store is located adjoining Thorps Building and houses two shops in a single storey brick building. It was probably constructed during a building boom in Ravenswood in the early 1900s and has had a variety of commercial tenants including a long occupancy as a bookseller, newsagent and tobacconist.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood was one of several important goldfields which formed a major component in the development of North Queensland. The need to access and exploit gold finds determined the path of railways, the establishment of related industries and commerce and the location of settlements. Some of these were short lived "rushes", where tent and shanty townships disappeared almost as quickly as they rose. Other settlements based on goldfields became established towns with government and civic buildings, shops and family homes and survived as such. A few became important centres, only to fade away as gold yields fell. Ravenswood was one of these.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered at Ravenswood in 1868, a few years after pastoral settlement of the area had begun. Ravenswood gold was in reefs and a small battery was first set up in 1869, followed by the Lady Marian Mill in 1870. The settlement was also surveyed at this time, but by then the goldfield itself, and the buildings and streets already established had shaped the town and the survey merely formalised what was already in place. This can still be seen clearly in the irregularity of the major streets. Ravenswood was gazetted as a town in 1871, but problems were soon encountered as the gold at deeper levels proved to be finely distributed in ore containing other minerals and was difficult to separate either by mechanical or chemical means. This required greater capital to fund various technologies for extraction. Many miners left for other fields, such as Charters Towers, discovered in 1871 and which quickly overtook Ravenswood as a gold producer and as the most important inland North Queensland town.</p><br>
<p>Despite this, Ravenswood continued to prosper due to a steady, though reduced, production of gold, the discovery of silver at nearby Totley in 1878 and as a commercial centre. By 1874, the town had a courthouse and police station, a post and telegraph office, and a school. The stability of the town was also assisted by the arrival of the railway in 1884 and the use of improved means to extract gold from ore. A new generation of public buildings began to replace those from the early days of the field.</p><br>
<p>The Deed of Grant for the property was issued in 1881 to Phillip Benjamin, who quickly resold it to John Ellis, a bootmaker and saddler. As this was already a commercial area, there may have been an existing store on site or Ellis may have constructed one. In 1896 he became insolvent and the property was purchased by William J McChesney, a telephone line repairer.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the New Ravenswood Company was formed by Archibald Laurence Wilson who raised overseas capital, reopened old mines and used modern methods to rework tailings more efficiently. The shareholders recouped their investment in the first two years and this drew world-wide interest. It was the beginning of Ravenswood&#39;s most prosperous period, which lasted for several years.</p><br>
<p>The style and materials of the store suggest that it may have been built during the surge of building that occurred in Ravenswood about this time. Following a fire in 1901, the buildings on the opposite site of the street were rebuilt in brick in a flamboyant style reflecting the prosperity of the goldfield. Thorp&#39;s building adjoining the store was constructed soon afterwards. Unfortunately the boom did not last and after 1908 the town began to decline. In 1912 McChesney died and the property was purchased by Raymond W. Richards, a bookseller, newsagent and tobacconist in Ravenswood since 1902. By this time the field was in serious decline because the cost of extraction and continued exploration rose as returns fell and it became apparent that the field would not pick up again. Buildings began to be sold for removal and in 1916 rail services were cut. In 1917 the New Ravenswood Company closed.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s most of the timber buildings in Ravenswood were moved away, although brick buildings, such Thorp&#39;s Buildings and the store, could not be moved. In 1925 the shop was sold to Phillip Dennis who opened a haberdashery, drapery, tobacconists and newsagency at the address, possibly in two shops.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood Shire was absorbed into Dalrymple Shire in 1929 and in 1930 Ravenswood became the first Queensland town to lose its railway connection. Mining had a modest revival in the 1930s, but this had little effect on the life of the town. By the 1960s Ravenswood had reached its lowest ebb with a population of about 70. At this point, tourists began to take a growing interest in the town, studies were made of the buildings and work began to conserve them. In 1978 both Phillip and Jessie Dennis died and the property passed to Gordon Dennis who owned it until 1984, when it was purchased by the current owners.</p><br>
<p>Although the shop has had a number of commercial tenants since it was built, for a significant part of the time it has served as a newsagent, tobacconist and haberdashery. It is currently vacant.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. In 1987 Carpentaria Gold Ltd opened a new open cut mine using modern heap leaching processes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The shop is located adjoining Thorp&#39;s Buildings in Macrossan Street close to what was the commercial centre of Ravenswood. This is located in a mining landscape which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinkee apple trees and rubber vines.</p><br>
<p>It is a single storey brick commercial building housing two stores with plate glass display windows and a central entrance with recessed timber doors. It has a pitched roof clad with corrugated iron and concealed by an ornate rendered parapet This has a raised section in the centre topped with an urn within a hollow arch, echoing the central arch motif on the Imperial Hotel and Browne&#39;s Buildings opposite. It is flanked by urns at each end of the parapet, although one of these has been lost. An awning supported by plain timber posts shades footpath at the front of the store and is decorated by a sawn timber valance. Most detail is intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The shop adjacent to Thorps Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood is one of the earliest sites associated with major gold mining in North Queensland which gave significant impetus to the economic and social development of the region. The Macrossan Street shop, as a substantial commercial building serving the needs of a prosperous mining community, demonstrates this development.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The shop is one of only two substantial retail stores from a commercial centre which, in the early 1900s, featured a line of handsome and fashionable buildings on both sides of southern Macrossan street. In its form, layout and decoration it is a good example of a quality commercial building of its era.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>With Thorp&#39;s building it forms an attractive group which is an important and dominant feature of the Ravenswood townscape.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood Court House and Police Station is a heritage-listed former courthouse  and police station at Raven Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. They were designed by the Queensland Department of Public Works and were built in 1882 by A Donald  and FA Sparre . They are also known as Ravenswood Court House Group. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 January 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ravenswood Court House and Police Station consists of three buildings erected on the site in 1882 - the Court House, Police Station, and Cells (formerly part of the Police Station), all of which were removed from the site in 1965 and subsequently returned during the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The buildings replaced an earlier Court House (1870), Police Barracks (1871), and Lockup (1871), which were amongst a number of buildings erected by the Queensland colonial government to provide the necessary infrastructure to both encourage and control the early days of Ravenswood&#39;s gold rush.</p><br>
<p>Gold was to dominate mining in Queensland from the 1850s to the first World War, with major discoveries and consequential "rushes" in such places as Clermont (1861), Gympie (1867), Ravenswood (1868), Charters Towers (1872), Palmer Gold Field (1873), and Mount Morgan (1882). Such discoveries were to make Queensland the third largest producer of gold in Australia, after Western Australia and Victoria.</p><br>
<p>The initial and very successful gold mining in Ravenswood was by panning of the alluvial gold. This was then replaced by reef mining. By 1871, Ravenswood&#39;s troubles had begun; as mines sank beneath the water table it was found that the gold could not easily be extracted from the mundic sulphides. In Ravenswood this caused particular problems due in part to the variety and unpredictability of the distribution of sulphides in the ore. Greater capital was now required to fund the various technologies for extracting the gold. As a result many miners left for other gold fields, such as the recently discovered Charters Towers field, which was to quickly overtake Ravenswood as a gold producer and most important inland North Queensland town.</p><br>
<p>Despite the exodus, the town continued; the economy of town funded by mining (on a reduced scale) and the establishment of silver mines at nearby Totley. It was also substantially aided by the building of further government infrastructure, which included the opening of the Great Northern railway from Townsville in 1884, a new Post and Telegraph Office (1885), and Hospital (1887) as well as the new Court House and Police Station (1882).</p><br>
<p>The Court House and the Police Station were erected by contractors A Donald (for £1,200) and FA Sparre (for £885) respectively and designed by the Department of Public Works. The designs were types (or variations of types) developed by the Department during this time which could be adapted to the varying requirements of the widespread colony. They enabled the Department to establish a high standard of public architecture for what were relatively modest buildings, which at the same time could be erected by local contractors.</p><br>
<p>The Court House was a "T" shaped timber building with verandah back and front; with a large court room located to the front and offices to the rear. The Police Station was erected as a "U" shaped timber building containing an office, quarters for the local policeman and his family, and three cells. At this time, a sergeant&#39;s residence is recorded as being on the site. This was sold and removed in 1929 and appears to have been the original Police Barracks erected in 1871. A stable to house the police horses is recorded on the site by 1899, however, this may well have existed prior to this time. By 1912, a brick retaining wall with a white picket fence had been erected along Raven Street.</p><br>
<p>By this time, the mining industry in Ravenswood was in decline. The great strike in Ravenswood of 1912/1913 left a bitterly divided community; the mines continued to decline and the outbreak of World War I in 1914 lead to an increase in costs and a scarcity of labour. This decline was to be repeated throughout Australia in the post World War I period; with the mining industry not regenerating (albeit in a new form in which coal, aluminium, and iron ore took precedence in the new markets) until after the second World War.</p><br>
<p>In the following years, mining in the town continued, but the boom was over: much of the population moved away, a number of buildings were removed, and in 1930 Ravenswood became the first Queensland town to lose its railway. In 1928, the Police Constable (who also acted as Assistant Mining Registrar, Acting Clerk of Petty Sessions, Acting Stock Inspector and Land Agent) reported (in the context of seeking to justify expenditure on police buildings) that although mining was quiet, there were indications that it might accelerate at any time. In fact a small revival occurred during the 1930s and early 1940s and later revivals as new technology allowed for economical mining of lower grade ores, but Ravenswood never returned to the prosperity of the early 1900s and was not rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, both the Court House and Police Station joined the long line of buildings to be removed from Ravenswood. Although some changes had been made to the buildings in the intervening years (including conversion of one of the cells to a bathroom), they were substantially as built when removed to Mt Ravenswood Station, where the Police Station was used (in several pieces) as ringers&#39; accommodation.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1970s, numerous studies of the Ravenswood area have been completed; in the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. During this time, as a result of the flooding of the Burdekin Dam, the Police Station, Cells (now annexed from the station), and Court House were moved back to the site. This period also saw the commencement of open cut gold mining by Carpentaria Gold Pty Ltd and the growth of cultural tourism in the town.</p><br>
<p>The Court House is now the Ravenswood Court House Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Court House Group, on the northern corner of Macrossan and Raven Streets, is located near the town centre of Ravenswood on a raised site overlooking Elphinstone Creek to the south. Ravenswood is located in a mining landscape, which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinky apples and rubber vines. The group consists of three buildings; a court house, barracks and cell block.</p><br>
<p>The court house is a single-storeyed timber building with a corrugated iron gable roof and concrete stumps. The building has a T-shaped plan, with the court room forming the southwest wing surrounded on three sides by verandahs, and offices form the northeast wing with a verandah on the northeast side.</p><br>
<p>The building has weatherboard cladding to the exposed gable ends, and single-skin exposed framing to the verandah walls. Verandahs have a timber rail balustrade, with timber posts and capitals. French doors open to northeast verandah, with the southwest wing having sash windows and a central projecting gabled entrance porch with finial. The southwest gable has a finial and paired timber brackets, and the exposed gable ends have a casement window with timber and iron hood.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building contains early court room furniture and fittings including timber gallery seating, witness stand, dock, and Judge&#39;s bench, with horizontal timber boarding to walls and a raked ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The barracks, located to the north of the court house, is a single-storeyed, single-skin timber building with a corrugated iron gable roof and concrete stumps. The building has a verandah on the southeast, the wall of which is clad with fibrous cement sheeting, with two french doors and a sash window and timber door. The exposed walls have weatherboard cladding, with glass louvred windows on the northwest, and a sash window with metal hood on the northeast. The southern corner has had some cladding and part of the verandah removed.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has three rooms, the northern one being lined with horizontal boarding, and boarded ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The cell block, located to the northeast of the court house, and to the west of the barracks, is a single-storeyed, single-skin timber building with a corrugated iron hipped roof and concrete stumps. The building has a verandah on the southeast, with four doors and a window. The exposed walls have weatherboard cladding, with glass louvred windows, a casement window and a door on the northwest, a glass louvred window on the southwest, and a sash window on the northeast.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has four rooms, some of which are lined and have boarded ceilings. Timber cell doors with original hardware have been removed, but remain on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Ravenswood Court House and Police Station were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 January 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood is one of the earliest sites associated with major gold mining in North Queensland which gave significant impetus to the economic and social development of the region. The state&#39;s encouragement for such development was demonstrated by the establishment of supporting public infrastructure. Moreover, the Court House and Police buildings, erected in Ravenswood during the 1880s, form part of an apparently deliberate government policy to support the town during a period of economic decline.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Court House and Police buildings were erected according to architectural types developed at this time by the Public Works Department.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located on a prominent rise in the centre of the town, the Court House and Police buildings, as was the usual practice, were erected on the same government reserve. The Court House, which includes early furniture and fittings, is particularly intact.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood is one of the earliest sites associated with major gold mining in North Queensland which gave significant impetus to the economic and social development of the region.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Court House and Police buildings were erected according to architectural types developed at this time by the Public Works Department, which was instrumental in developing the quality of building in the state.</p><br>
<p>Mabel Mill is a heritage-listed former stamper battery at Barton Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It is also known as Mabel Mill and Partridge Mill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 January 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the 1850s to the first World War, mining in Queensland was dominated by gold, with major discoveries and consequential "rushes" in such places as Clermont (1861), Gympie (1867), Ravenswood (1868), Charters Towers (1872), Palmer Gold Field (1873), and Mount Morgan (1882). Such discoveries were to make Queensland the third largest producer of gold in Australia, after Western Australia and Victoria.</p><br>
<p>In the early days, mining at Ravenswood, as with many other gold fields, was restricted to panning the alluvial gold in the gullies of creeks. Later with the establishment of reef mining, it was necessary to set up milling facilities to extract the gold. The Mabel Mill, located on the northern side of Elphinstone Creek, is known to have been established by 1871, by which time there were five mills on the Ravenswood Gold Field with a total of 52 stamps for crushing. The technology used at this time was amalgamation, involving washing the crushed ore over copper plates coated with mercury which amalgamated with the gold, scraping the amalgam off the plates, and driving off the mercury leaving the gold.</p><br>
<p>By 1871, Ravenswood&#39;s troubles had begun; as mines sank beneath the water table it was found that the gold could not easily be extracted from the mundic sulphides. In Ravenswood this caused particular problems due in part to the variety and unpredictability of the distribution of sulphides in the ore. Greater capital was now required to fund the various technologies for extracting the gold. As a result, many miners left for other gold fields, such as the recently discovered Charters Towers field, which was to quickly overtake Ravenswood as a gold producer and most important inland North Queensland town.</p><br>
<p>Despite the exodus, the town continued; with the building of government infrastructure, such as the opening of the railway from Townsville in 1884 (with the Ravenswood railway station located conveniently opposite the Mabel Mill), new Court House and Police Station (1882), new Post and Telegraph Office (1885), and Hospital (1887); and other public buildings such as the School of Arts Library (; dem 1992) and Hall; whilst the economy of the town was funded by mining (on a reduced scale) and the establishment of silver mines at nearby Totley.</p><br>
<p>The first reported description of the Mabel Mill site is in 1883, when a map shows the Mabel Mill as Machine Area no8 in the name of HH Barton; the site included a machine and crushing plant mill (a ten- stamp mill powered by one twenty-five horse power steam engine), furnace and stack, and a residence. At this time there were thirteen machine areas registered on the Ravenswood Gold Field with the Mining Warden&#39;s report recording that the only method in use here (Ravenswood) for dressing mundic ore is by the ordinary stamper mills and rotatory buddles, resulting in a great loss of mineral.</p><br>
<p>By 1885, the Mabel Mill was owned by "Joske & others", proprietors of the Ravenswood Gold Smelting Co, who had acquired some of the better mines in the town including the Grant, Excelsior, and Black Jack. The intention of the company was to use a smelting process to solve the mundic problem. According to the Warden, the Mabel was equipped with ten head of stamps, one buddle, two wheelers (Chilean mills?), two berdan pans, two arresters (arresteras?), and a reverbatory furnace. On the southern side of the creek, Joske was granted a five-acre lease for depositing slag from his smelters.</p><br>
<p>Two years later, however, the Mining Warden reported that the methods employed by the Ravenswood Gold Smelting Co had failed and the company&#39;s capital was exhausted. The Mill (now renumbered Machine Area 28) was transferred to the Ravenswood Gold Co Ltd, under the management of previous owner, HH Barton, who also acquired the Sunset, General Grant, and Black Jack mines, and later the Melaneur and Duke of Edinburgh. A chlorination process to treat ore was installed which by 1889, was declared a success. The process involved roasting the ore to drive off the sulphur; treating the roasted ore with chlorine gas with the gold combining with the chlorine to form soluble gold chloride, which was then further treated to deposit the gold. Just two years later, however, the Mabel Mill was again in trouble with the Warden reporting that although the technology was successful as a treatment, it was not profitable.</p><br>
<p>Barton was in financial difficulties with the Banks, who took over the mill and his other extensive mining interests. In 1899, another of Ravenswoods entrepreneurs, Archibald Laurence Wilson, floated the New Ravenswood Co to acquire the assets of Bartons Ravenswood Gold Co. The new company with a capital of £50,000 had its directors in London, but was managed by Wilson. With the investment of English capital, substantial development occurred both in the town and the mines. Wilson&#39;s approach to "his companies" was reportedly high handed, but produced substantial (in 1901 and 1902, 50%) dividends for shareholders.</p><br>
<p>All of the company&#39;s acquisitions, including the Mabel Mill, were refurbished. Substantial changes were made to the mill site. Two shaking tables (known as the Wilfley type) were erected in 1901 at the Mill by Wilson, who is credited with introducing this new method of concentrating to Queensland. Under this process the ore was crushed in the stampers (without mercury), the crushed material was concentrated on the Wilfley tables, and the concentrate was sent for recovery of the gold.</p><br>
<p>Further changes were made the following year. In 1902, a new tailings (raff) wheel, measuring 48 foot (14.5 meters) in diameter, was erected higher up the creek for lifting the tailings (the fine material left after stamp milling and amalgamation) from the stamp batteries housed in a rambling galvanised iron shed on the northern side of the creek to the flume which transported the tailings across the creek onto the recently erected tailings area, where they were treated with cyanide. Cyaniding involved dissolving the gold out of the pulp with potassium cyanide and trickling the resulting solution through zinc shavings to which the gold attaches and smelting into bullion. The axis of the tailings wheel rested on brick pyramid piers sunk into bedrock, concreted, plastered, and painted); the flume was set on high posts the width of creek. Other work included a dam which was put in just below the Mill with the wall made of stone from the Ravenswood Deep Mine acquired by Wilson in 1900; the erection of a 70-foot (21.2 meters) high circular brick chimney stack; addition of new boilers to the steaming power of the battery; and an increase in capacity of the mill to thirty head.</p><br>
<p>A photo taken shows the complex to comprise the office building of the New Ravenswood Co (removed/demolished ), assay building, chlorination building, enclosed tailings wheel (1902), concentrate drying shed, road composed of mullock, stamper shed with elevator, main stack to boilers, and residence.</p><br>
<p>By 1912, the mining industry in Ravenswood was on its last legs; profits of the New Ravenswood Co had dropped substantially and the conditions of mine workers were in issue. The great strike in Ravenswood of 1912/1913 left a bitterly divided community; the mines continued to decline and the outbreak of World War I in 1914 lead to an increase in costs and a scarcity of labour. The town which had reached its peak population of nearly 5,000 people in 1903 was rapidly declining.</p><br>
<p>In 1917, the New Ravenswood Co went into liquidation, after which it is believed that much of the equipment and buildings were sold by the liquidators. This decline was to be repeated throughout Australia in the post World War I period; with the mining industry not regenerating (albeit in a new form in which coal, aluminium, and iron ore took precedence in the new markets) until after the second World War.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, a new company, Ravenswood Gold Mines Ltd, took up a portion of the abandoned mining leases of New Ravenswood; ore was sent to the Venus State Battery at Charters Towers for treatment. The Mabel Mill continued to provide crushing services for the reduced scale of local mining. A 1920 map shows the Mabel Mill (renumbered as Machine Area 203) with a significantly reduced area of 3 roods 8 perches. The formation of the new company, however, did little to arrest the rapid slide of Ravenswood (and the Mill) from its short period of glory. In the following years, mining in the town continued, but the boom was over: much of the population moved away, a number of buildings were removed, and in 1930 Ravenswood became the first Queensland town to lose its railway.</p><br>
<p>A small revival occurred during the 1930s (Partridge and Ralston established a mill on the southern side of the creek of the Mabel Mill site to treat old tailings) and early 1940s and later revivals as new technology allowed for economical mining of lower grade ores, but Ravenswood never returned to the prosperity of the early 1900s and was not rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The minor buildings on the site lasted until after World War II and by 1960, the site was virtually as seen today, apart from the more recent removal to the site of a collection of machinery. Since the 1970s, numerous studies of the Ravenswood area have been completed; in the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. This period also saw the commencement of open cut gold mining by Carpentaria Gold Pty Ltd and the growth of cultural tourism in the town.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mabel Mill, located near the town centre of Ravenswood and bounded by Elphinstone Creek to the south and Barton Street to the north, consists of the remains of a complex of buildings associated with the processing of gold, and to a lesser extent silver. Ravenswood is located in a mining landscape, which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinky apples and rubber vines.</p><br>
<p>The site includes the following remains:</p><br>
<p>In the centre of the site, a mullock road formation entranced from Barton Street which encircles the slab of the concentrate drying shed. The mullock road formation includes a shallow pit on the eastern side, which was probably the casing for a weighbridge. The concentrate drying shed, which has a wedge shaped plan, consists of a slab with post holes showing its original structure. Construction of the slab is by a cement sand screed over a rubble base.</p><br>
<p>To the northeast, a general machinery display area on the site of the New Ravenswood Company office. The machinery display area includes a number of mining artefacts and machinery gathered from the Ravenswood Gold Field. Nothing remains of the New Ravenswood Company office.</p><br>
<p>To the east, a safe, assay house and office. Roughly square in plan, the safe is a single-storeyed masonry building, with the perimeter wall built around a timber pole structure. The assay house is a single-storeyed timber pole structure with corrugated iron cladding to walls and roof. The building has a masonry chimney stack on the western end, and internally it contains two furnaces. The office is a single-storeyed timber framed building with corrugated iron cladding to walls and roof. The building has lean-to structures on the north and south.</p><br>
<p>To the southeast, the sites of the chlorination works and cyanide tailings. The site of the chlorination works contain the remains of its footings. The site of the cyanide tailings includes areas of brick paving.</p><br>
<p>To the south, the stampers, boiler footings, base of stack and tailings wheel piers. From the original, only one head of stamps remain. This has timber framing and a concrete pad and timber butt base, with the surviving stamps branded with the name BRAND AND DRYBOROUGH. The footings of the boiler, used to drive the engine for the stamps and power the steam pump which drew from a well on the flank of the creek, are located at the base of the brick chimney stack. The remains of the tailings wheel, which lifted the tailings via a flume over Elphinstone Creek to the tailings area, consist of the two supporting rendered masonry piers, one of which has fallen on its side.</p><br>
<p>To the southwest, the stack and flues, sites of the engine room and boiler house. The stack is a tall cylindrical masonry chimney on a square base. The remains of the flues to the south of this consist of four brick pipes, sections of which are damaged and bricks are scattered, leading to the former boiler house further to the south. The boiler house, which generated power for the mill, is survived by a line of steel posts marking the northern wall, and brick and concrete beds mark the location of the main engine room for the mill.</p><br>
<p>To the northwest, the slab of a residence and stand of trees. The rendered slab is located between Mango trees, with Burdekin Plums and Date Palms nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Mabel Mill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 January 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a symbol of the varying fortunes of Ravenswood, the former Mabel Mill, both in spite of and because of its state of ruin, is one of the most significant sites in the town. At the same time, by its very nature as a ruin (which is such a part of the pattern of the contemporary Ravenswood townscape), it provides tangible evidence of the often mercurial nature of a community dependent on finite mineral wealth.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As a ruin, the site still retains sufficient physical evidence to demonstrate some of the processes employed to overcome the problem of extracting gold in the Ravenswood area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The history of the site is linked to those of HH Barton (Ravenswood Gold Co) and AL Wilson (New Ravenswood Co), two of the town&#39;s most notable entrepreneurs and companies associated with the development of the gold mining industry in North Queensland, which gave significant impetus to the economic and social development of the region.</p><br>
<p>London North Mine is a heritage-listed mine at Elphinstone street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1915. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 February 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the 1850s to the first World War, mining in Queensland was dominated by gold, with major discoveries and consequential "rushes" in such places as Clermont (1861), Gympie (1867), Ravenswood (1868), Charters Towers (1872), Palmer Gold Field (1873), and Mount Morgan (1882). Such discoveries were to make Queensland the third largest producer of gold in Australia, after Western Australia and Victoria.</p><br>
<p>In the early days, mining at Ravenswood, as with many other gold fields, was restricted to panning the alluvial gold in the gullies of creeks. Later, reef mining was established and it was necessary to set up milling facilities such as the Mabel Mill to extract the gold. The "London" Reef was discovered in the initial development of the Ravenswood Gold Field. An 1872 map shows the London Mining Co lease to include what were later known as the London Mine and the London North Mine.</p><br>
<p>By 1871, Ravenswood&#39;s troubles had begun; as mines sank beneath the water table it was found that the gold could not easily be extracted from the mundic sulphides. In Ravenswood this caused particular problems due in part to the variety and unpredictability of the distribution of sulphides in the ore. Greater capital was now required to fund the various technologies for extracting the gold. As a result, many miners left for other gold fields, such as the recently discovered Charters Towers field, which was to quickly overtake Ravenswood as a gold producer and most important inland North Queensland town.</p><br>
<p>Despite the exodus, the town continued; with the building of government infrastructure, which included the opening of the Great Northern railway from Townsville in 1884, new Court House and Police Station (1882) new Post and Telegraph Office (1885), and Hospital (1887); and other public buildings such as the School of Arts Library (; dem 1992) and Hall; whilst the economy of the town was funded by mining (on a reduced scale) and the establishment of silver mines at nearby Totley.</p><br>
<p>During the 1890s, profitable mining was undertaken in the town but Ravenswood&#39;s second boom was not to occur until the turn of the century when Archibald Laurence Wilson floated the New Ravenswood Co. Funded by substantial British investment, the company acquired numerous mining interests in the town and undertook a major refurbishment introducing new technology to overcome the mundic problem.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, Ravenswood reached its peak population of some 5,000 people. In the same year, a Charters Towers group headed, according to the Mining Warden, by Thomas Upton, promoted the London North Mine with the intention of working the London Reef. The gold content of the reef was said to increase with depth and a vertical shoot, averaging 200 feet (60.6 meters) in length and from 200–458 feet (60.6-138.8 meters) in depth, was the first objective. A vertical shaft was sunk in the shoot, a headframe and brace erected over the shaft and a boiler, steam-winding engine and steam-driven pump installed. Underground, the lease was a maze of tunnels and drives covering some fifteen acres but the company had little space above ground with most of the surface near the shaft occupied by domestic buildings. Apparently due to this lack of space, "pigsties" (a particularly Australian method of support more usually employed in the underground shafts) were erected to contain the mullock.</p><br>
<p>Mechanically-powered shaft-hoisting equipment replaced whips and whims in the larger mines. The rope from a steam winding-engine (generally housed in a simple building nearby) passed over a pulley on top of the headframe and carried a hook on the end to which a cage, bucket, or other item could be attached for raising or lowering in the shaft. The brace provided a platform for handling both mullock and ore, the mullock being trammed to the mullock heap and the ore being tipped into bins for gravity-loading into either tramway trucks or horse- drawn drays.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, the Warden reported that the mine was covering its own expenses but in subsequent years no great improvement occurred; the heavy water that had confounded their neighbour, the "London" was now evident in the workings of the London North Mine. In 1907, the venture was sold to a local syndicate of Ravenswood investors who placed the mine with a tribute party. In the following years, the venture merged with the "London" and a combined lease was mined, but the results remained marginal. In 1910, the leases were purchased by the New Ravenswood Co; the workings were re-equipped but without any apparent increase in profitability.</p><br>
<p>By 1912, the mining industry in Ravenswood was in decline. The great strike in Ravenswood of 1912/1913 left a bitterly divided community; the mines continued to decline and the outbreak of war in 1914 lead to an increase in costs and a scarcity of labour. In 1915, the London North Mine was closed. This decline was to be repeated throughout Australia in the post World War I period; with the mining industry not regenerating (albeit in a new form in which coal, aluminium, and iron ore took precedence in the new markets) until after the second World War.</p><br>
<p>In the following years, mining in the town continued, but the boom was over: much of the population moved away, a number of buildings were removed, and in 1930 Ravenswood became the first Queensland town to lose its railway. A small revival occurred during the 1930s (an attempt was made in 1935 to rework the London North lease, but bad air and heavy expenses in keeping water down led to its abandonment) and early 1940s and later revivals as new technology allowed for economical mining of lower grade ores, but Ravenswood never returned to the prosperity of the early 1900s and was not rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1970s, numerous studies of the Ravenswood area have been completed; in the 1980s the whole town was listed by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust of Queensland. This period also saw the commencement of open cut gold mining by Carpentaria Gold Pty Ltd and the growth of cultural tourism in the town. The London North Mine headframe is one of the last survivors from a period when similar headframes were dominant elements of the Ravenswood townscape.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ravenswood is located in a mining landscape, which consists of disturbed ground with scattered ruins and mullock heaps, set amongst distinctive chinky apples and rubber vines. The remains of the London North Mine, located near the town centre and bounded by Elphinstone Street to the northeast, London Street to the northwest and Macrossan Street to the southeast, consist of a headframe with mullock heaps to the north and south and an engine base to the west.</p><br>
<p>The headframe, straddling the mine shaft entrance, is a tall hardwood structure consisting of four inwardly-slanting legs connected at their apex by timber beams which once supported a pulley servicing one of the two compartments in the shaft. The structure has cross bracing to each side at the top, with some remains of cross bracing at mid level.</p><br>
<p>The northern mullock heap is supported by the remains of "pigsties" that were used extensively by miners for support of shafts underground and to shore up larger underground openings. The "pigsty" system provided a frame of timber logs that when packed with mullock could provide considerable structural stability.</p><br>
<p>The engine foundations, consisting of a concrete slab with its holding down bolts, is all that survives of the boiler house and engines. This is located across a small dry watercourse that possibly was of assistance for de-watering the shaft.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The London North Mine was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 22 February 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood is one of the earliest sites associated with major gold mining in North Queensland which gave significant impetus to the economic and social development of the region.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The headframe is a rare example of a surviving timber headframe in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The mine itself, including the headframe, mine shaft, mullock heaps, and engine foundations are very much a part of the prevailing townscape of ruin, which provides a vivid reminder of the often mercurial nature of a community dependent on finite mineral wealth.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The mine itself, including the headframe, mine shaft, mullock heaps, and engine foundations are very much a part of the prevailing townscape of ruin, which provides a vivid reminder of the often mercurial nature of a community dependent on finite mineral wealth.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Situated overlooking the town, the London North Mine is, as the only surviving headframe in Ravenswood, both a landmark and a symbol of the town.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood Community Church is a heritage-listed former Roman Catholic church at Chapel Street, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1871 by Ross & OReilly. It is also known as St Patricks Catholic Church. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ravenswood Community Church, formerly St Patrick&#39;s Catholic Church, was opened on 21 October 1871. Additions have been made to the church over time and it is understood that major additions were made to the building in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Early discoveries of gold in the Ravenswood area were made by prospectors attracted to the district by gold mining at Cape River. Gold was discovered in the Ravenswood district in 1868 although the Top Camp Lode was not discovered until the following year.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood was initially an alluvial field with some quartz reefing. Following the discovery of quartz reefs there were problems with attracting crushing machinery. The arrival of a five head stamp battery in 1869, led to a subsequent improvement in returns from the quartz reefs providing the miners with the impetus to develop a more permanent township.</p><br>
<p>By the mid 1870s, the population was fairly stable. There were a number of service industries established including five hotels, saddler, blacksmiths, chemist, baker, assayer, and butcher. auctioneer, a variety of stores from fancy goods to wholesalers.</p><br>
<p>About March 1871 a committee was formed to plan the construction of a Catholic chapel. A subscription list was opened and donations acknowledged in the Ravenswood Miner. The construction of the church appears to have been a community affair with people from many denominations donating to the project or helping with construction. A small school was opened in the chapel soon after construction was completed.</p><br>
<p>Ross & OReilly who are believed to have been local builders constructed the building. Hugh Ross was identified as a builder in Charters Towers in 1875 where he constructed Acker & Companys building, the Oddfellows&#39; Hall and the Anglican and Presbyterian churches. These churches are similar in design to the Ravenswood Community Church.</p><br>
<p>A severe storm in 1873 damaged the church although it is not known how severely. One local story says that the rear of the building had to be rebuilt while another says that the whole building was demolished and required rebuilding.</p><br>
<p>The Ravenswood Catholic community became a thriving one with a church, boarding school and convent located in Chapel Street. Fr JPF Connolly, from Townsville, was the first visiting priest to Ravenswood. Later, missionary priests from Italy and France visited the town before it became a parish in its own right.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 Fr Flood, first parish priest, began negotiations with the Sisters of Mercy to open a school and convent. The Ravenswood community again demonstrated their faith in the long term prosperity of their town by supporting Fr Flood&#39;s fundraising campaign. Fr Flood purchased a house for the nuns who arrived in 1886. The first convent school was probably opened in the church. And later a day and boarding school for girls was opened in 1890.</p><br>
<p>During the second world war students from St Patricks College, The Strand, Townsville were evacuated to the boarding school at Ravenswood. After the war St Patricks students returned to Townsville. The boarding school and convent remained in operation until 1948 when both were closed.</p><br>
<p>The school building was moved to Giru but the convent remained in situ until damaged in a storm and demolished by local residents for its timber.</p><br>
<p>Townsville builders Rooney & Company are thought to be the contractors who extended the church in 1905. The church continued to be used, although it was allowed to fall into disrepair, until 1957 when a community fundraising campaign raised £50 for repairs. Community working bees renewed the wall behind the sanctuary after it was damaged by white ants, the roof was renewed where necessary, and the white ant-damaged sacristy was demolished and reconstructed. The structure was then painted.</p><br>
<p>Despite this community activity the building was under-utilised and neglected until the mid 1970s when a local couple chose to be married there. Once again the community responded with working bees to repair the building in time for the wedding. Windows were replaced, the structure was painted, fittings were repaired and carpet laid in the aisle.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 1980s the Roman Catholic Diocese of Townsville handed over the property to the Dalrymple Shire (now amalgamated into Charters Towers Region). Since that time the Ravenswood community, assisted with funds from local mining company Carpentaria Gold, has maintained its long association with the church by acting as caretakers of the building and by utilising the place as a community church. Special events such as carols by candle light, which involve the whole community, are also celebrated in the church.</p><br>
<p>The structure has recently been repainted and the stairs to the choir loft rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Ravenswood Community Church is a rectangular planned building with a gabled corrugated iron roof. It is located south east of the town on a cleared rise facing Chapel Street.</p><br>
<p>On the western side of the building are remnant plantings and building material from the Mercy Convent, which was located next door. A brick entrance is located down the slope at the Chapel Street entrance to the site.</p><br>
<p>The front section of the building is clad with chamferboard while the rear has a single skin of chamferboard with exposed framing. Projecting from the nave is an entry porch, which faces Chapel Street. There are narrow windows either side of the porch and in the front wall of the porch. Similar windows are found along both sides of the structure.</p><br>
<p>A curved projection at the rear of the building marks the sanctuary. A sacristy and a similar extension are located on either side of the sanctuary.</p><br>
<p>The internal fittings include pews, timber and marble altar, baptismal font and confessional. The interior has been painted and fittings repaired. A new staircase to the choir loft has been recently constructed and windows replaced with new frames.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ravenswood Community Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ravenswood Community Church, constructed in stages from 1871 by Charters Towers builders, Ross and O&#39;Reilly, is important in demonstrating the periods of prosperity of the Ravenswood gold fields and is evidence of the spread of the Catholic religion in regional Queensland particularly North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The church, which is a simply constructed timber building overlooking the town, is a landmark in Ravenswood.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The local community has had a long association with the church. On a number of occasions the survival of the church has depended on the concern and generosity of the Ravenswood community which has provided ongoing care and maintenance on the building since the 1950s. As a community church the building continues to be a focus for community gatherings, church services and celebrations.</p><br>
<p>Pandanus Creek Battery is a heritage-listed stamper battery on Mingela Road, Ravenswood, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1904. It is also known as Breitkreuz&#39;s Mill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pandanus Creek battery was relocated by C. Breitkreutz from Rochford (20&deg;06&prime;00&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;37&prime;00&Prime;E longitude) in 1904 where it had been known as the Hadleigh Castle Mill. It had been erected in 1890. The 1890s were the heyday of mining in the district. It is not known when the battery ceased operations, but Breitkreutz owned the Three Sisters and Sisters Extended Mines on the Kirk River to the east and they were working between 1900 and 1916.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Compact and partly intact battery situated on the eastern bank of Pandanus Creek immediately north of a recent re-treatment plant, which is currently mothballed. The battery comprises two almost intact 5 headsets of stamps in iron frames. One mortar box is manufacture by Walkers Limited, the other by Brand and Drybrough. Alongside immediately to the north of the battery is a Ruston one cylinder gas engine. The treatment area below the battery contains the remains of a wilfley table and five berdan pans including three in situ. Three 5-metre diameter corrugated iron tanks are also located in this area. The brick chimney has received substantial damage to its northwest base possibly during removal of the boiler. Other features of the site include a stone launder from the mill area to the creek and the remains of a stone forge. Battery shed timber uprights remain in situ.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>5 head battery and frame – (mortar box) Walkers Limited</p><br>
<p>Five head battery & frame – (mortar box) Brand & Drybrough Townsville: (stamper frame) Brand & Drybrough Engineers Townsville</p><br>
<p>One cylinder gas engine with flywheel – Ruston Lincoln England</p><br>
<p>5 Berdan Pans (3 in situ)</p><br>
<p>Wilfley Table (fragments).</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Pandanus Creek Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Pandanus Creek battery is important in demonstrating the evolution of gold mining practices in north Queensland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is also significant for its association with the enterprising Mr C. Breitkreutz of Rochford, where the battery had originally been part of the Hadleigh Castle mill.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The battery is significant as one of very few surviving intact isolated stamp batteries in the Charters Towers Mining District.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The technology of processing ore at the site is demonstrated through the association of the battery with a brick chimney, gas engine and a concentrating treatment plant below the battery, which includes berdan pans.</p><br>
<p>Monterey Bandstand, also known as Kleckner Park Bandstand, is a historic bandstand located at Monterey, Pulaski County, Indiana. It was built in 1912, and is a wood frame structure measuring 12 feet, 6 inches, wide, and 20 feet long. It is raised on 30 inch high piers. The building has a hipped roof and exhibits Queen Anne style design elements. The bandstand was restored in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The grandstand has deteriorated during the last several years due to flooding, weather and some vandalism. It has been sold to a private owner and will soon no longer be the property of the town of Monterey. The structure must be removed by the owner by Feb. 24, 2017.</p><br>
<p>The Hallowell Powder House is a historic military storage facility on High Street in Hallowell, Maine. Built in 1819, it is one of three documented early 19th-century arms magazines in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 as the Powder House Lot.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hallowell Poweder House stands on the east side of High Street, roughly midway between Central and Winthrop Streets, on a hillside lot with views of the Kennebec River and downtown Hallowell to the east. it is a small brick building, with a gabled roof and granite foundation. There are no windows, and a single wooden door on one of the long sides. A portion of one wall has been rebuilt using wood framing, and is finished in wooden clapboards. The interior is spare, its walls lined by shelving made of two-inch planking that has been mortared to the walls and is further supported by centered wooden elements. There is evidence of old roofing under the existing roofing material.</p><br>
<p>Although it was traditionally ascribed a construction date of 1813 (during the War of 1812), town records show that its construction was authorized in 1819. At that time Maine was about to become a state independent of Massachusetts, and pride in the local militia was at a high. After border disputes with neighboring New Brunswick were resolved in 1842, militia requirements in the state were relaxed, and the powder house fell out of service. In 1943, the town sold the property to the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The Village Hall is a historic government building located at 239 South Main Street in Sheffield, Illinois. The building was constructed in 1910 to replace the villages original village hall, which was built in 1887 but had become too small for the village. Architect George Franklin Barber designed the building; while Barber was nationally known for his mail-order residential designs, the Village Hall was one of his only municipal works. Barbers design used Neoclassical elements extensively, including limestone columns flanking the entrance, a cornice and entablature along the roof line, jack arches on the first-story windows, and Roman grilles above the entrance and second-story windows. The building also features a Romanesque arch surrounding the main entrance and Victorian massing in its central bell tower.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 2, 2013.</p><br>
<p>Eastern Enlargement Historic District is a national historic district located at Greencastle, Putnam County, Indiana. The district encompasses 272 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Greencastle. The district developed between about 1840 and 1961 and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, Stick Style, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity, F.P. Nelson House and William C. Van Arsdel House. Other notable buildings include the Braman House , James B. Nelson House, O&#39;Hair House , John Ireland House, and a number of fraternity and sorority houses associated with DePauw University.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
